Template:Pp-move
Coordinates: 44°49′N 20°27′E / 44.817°N 20.450°E
Yugoslavia Jugoslavija Југославија | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918–1992 1941–1945: Axis occupation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Top: Coat of arms
(1918–41) Bottom: Emblem (1963–92) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: "National Anthem of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia" (1919–1941) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yugoslavia during the Interwar period (top) and the Cold War (bottom) Yugoslavia during the Interwar period (top) and the Cold War (bottom) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Belgrade 44°49′N 20°27′E / 44.817°N 20.450°E Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Official languages | Serbo-Croato-Slovene (before 1944) Serbo-Croatian (de facto; from 1944) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Yugoslav | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Hereditary monarchy (1918–1941) Federal republic (1945–1992) Details
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Creation | 1 December 1918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Axis invasion | 6 April 1941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Admitted to the UN | 24 October 1945 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Abolition of monarchy | 29 November 1945 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Disintegration | 27 April 1992 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1955 | 17,522,438[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1965 | 19,489,605[2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1975 | 21,441,297[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1985 | 23,121,383[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1991 | 23,532,279[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Yugoslav dinar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Calling code | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Internet TLD | .yu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Today part of | Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Kosovo Montenegro North Macedonia Serbia Slovenia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yugoslavia (/ˌjuːɡoʊˈslɑːviə/; Template:Lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl [juɡǒslaːʋija]; Template:Lang-sl Template:IPA-sl; Template:Lang-mk Template:IPA-mk;[upper-alpha 1] lit. Land of the South Slavs) was a country in Southeast and Central Europe which existed from 1918 to 1992.
It came into existence in 1918[upper-alpha 2] following World War I, under the name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from the merger of the Kingdom of Serbia with the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (which was formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary), and constituted the first union of South Slavic peoples as a sovereign state, following centuries of foreign rule over the region under the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international recognition on 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris.[7] The official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929.
The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. In 1943, a Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was proclaimed by the Partisan resistance. In 1944, King Peter II, then living in exile, recognised it as the legitimate government. The monarchy was subsequently abolished in November 1945. Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1945, when a communist government was established. It acquired the territories of Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito ruled the country from 1944 as prime minister and later as president until his death in 1980. In 1963, the country was renamed for the final time, as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY).
The six constituent republics that made up the SFRY were the Socialist Republics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Socialist Republic of Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation.[8][9] After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism and ethnic tensions, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics' borders, at first into five countries, leading to the Yugoslav Wars. From 1993 to 2017, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia tried political and military leaders from the former Yugoslavia for war crimes, genocide, and other crimes committed during those wars.
After the breakup, the republics of Montenegro and Serbia formed a reduced federative state, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), known from 2003 to 2006 as Serbia and Montenegro. This state aspired to the status of sole legal successor to the SFRY, but those claims were opposed by the other former republics. Eventually, it accepted the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Committee about shared succession[10] and in 2003 its official name was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. This state dissolved when Montenegro and Serbia each became independent states in 2006, with Kosovo having an ongoing dispute over its declaration of independence in 2008.
Background[]
The concept of Yugoslavia, as a single state for all South Slavic peoples, emerged in the late 17th century and gained prominence through the Illyrian Movement of the 19th century. The name was created by the combination of the Slavic words jug ("south") and Slaveni/Sloveni (Slavs). Moves towards the formal creation of Yugoslavia accelerated after the 1917 Corfu Declaration between the Yugoslav Committee and the government of the Kingdom of Serbia.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[]
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The country was formed in 1918 immediately after World War I as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia.[11] It was commonly referred to at the time as the "Versailles state".[citation needed] Later, the government renamed the country, leading to the first official use of Yugoslavia in 1929.[citation needed]
King Alexander[]
On 20 June 1928, Serb deputy Puniša Račić shot at five members of the opposition Croatian Peasant Party in the National Assembly, resulting in the death of two deputies on the spot and that of leader Stjepan Radić a few weeks later.[12] On 6 January 1929, King Alexander I got rid of the constitution, banned national political parties, assumed executive power, and renamed the country Yugoslavia.[13] He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions. He imposed a new constitution and relinquished his dictatorship in 1931.[14] However, Alexander's policies later encountered opposition from other European powers stemming from developments in Italy and Germany, where Fascists and Nazis rose to power, and the Soviet Union, where Joseph Stalin became absolute ruler. None of these three regimes favored the policy pursued by Alexander I. In fact, Italy and Germany wanted to revise the international treaties signed after World War I, and the Soviets were determined to regain their positions in Europe and pursue a more active international policy.
Alexander attempted to create a centralised Yugoslavia. He decided to abolish Yugoslavia's historic regions, and new internal boundaries were drawn for provinces or banovinas. The banovinas were named after rivers. Many politicians were jailed or kept under police surveillance. During his reign, communist ideas were banned.
The king was assassinated in Marseille during an official visit to France in 1934 by Vlado Chernozemski, an experienced marksman from Ivan Mihailov's Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization with the cooperation of the Ustaše, a Croatian fascist revolutionary organisation. Alexander was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son Peter II and a regency council headed by his cousin, Prince Paul.
1934–1941[]
The international political scene in the late 1930s was marked by growing intolerance between the principal figures, by the aggressive attitude of the totalitarian regimes, and by the certainty that the order set up after World War I was losing its strongholds and its sponsors their strength. Supported and pressured by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, Croatian leader Vladko Maček and his party managed the creation of the Banovina of Croatia (Autonomous Region with significant internal self-government) in 1939. The agreement specified that Croatia was to remain part of Yugoslavia, but it was hurriedly building an independent political identity in international relations. The entire kingdom was to be federalised, but World War II stopped the fulfillment of those plans.
Prince Paul submitted to fascist pressure and signed the Tripartite Pact in Vienna on 25 March 1941, hoping to continue keeping Yugoslavia out of the war. However, this was at the expense of popular support for Paul's regency. Senior military officers were also opposed to the treaty and launched a coup d'état when the king returned on 27 March. Army General Dušan Simović seized power, arrested the Vienna delegation, exiled Prince Paul, and ended the regency, giving 17-year-old King Peter full powers. Hitler then decided to attack Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, followed immediately by an invasion of Greece where Mussolini had previously been repelled.[15][16]
World War II[]
Partisan Stjepan Filipović shouting "Death to fascism, freedom to the people!" shortly before his execution (1942)
At 5:12 a.m. on 6 April 1941, German, Italian and Hungarian forces invaded Yugoslavia.[17] The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) bombed Belgrade and other major Yugoslav cities. On 17 April, representatives of Yugoslavia's various regions signed an armistice with Germany in Belgrade, ending eleven days of resistance against the invading German forces.[18] More than 300,000 Yugoslav officers and soldiers were taken prisoner.[19]
The Axis Powers occupied Yugoslavia and split it up. The Independent State of Croatia was established as a Nazi satellite state, ruled by the fascist militia known as the Ustaše that came into existence in 1929, but was relatively limited in its activities until 1941. German troops occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as part of Serbia and Slovenia, while other parts of the country were occupied by Bulgaria, Hungary, and Italy. From 1941 to 1945, the Croatian Ustaše regime persecuted and murdered around 300,000 Serbs, along with at least 30,000 Jews and Roma;[20] hundreds of thousands of Serbs were also expelled and another 200,000-300,000 were forced to convert to Catholicism.[21]
From the start, the Yugoslav resistance forces consisted of two factions: the communist-led Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Chetniks, with the former receiving Allied recognition only at the Tehran conference (1943). The heavily pro-Serbian Chetniks were led by Draža Mihajlović, while the pan-Yugoslav oriented Partisans were led by Josip Broz Tito.
The Partisans initiated a guerrilla campaign that developed into the largest resistance army in occupied Western and Central Europe. The Chetniks were initially supported by the exiled royal government and the Allies, but they soon focused increasingly on combating the Partisans rather than the occupying Axis forces. By the end of the war, the Chetnik movement transformed into a collaborationist Serb nationalist militia completely dependent on Axis supplies.[22] The Chetniks also persecuted and killed Muslims and Croats,[23] with an estimated 50,000-68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians).[24] The highly mobile Partisans, however, carried on their guerrilla warfare with great success. Most notable of the victories against the occupying forces were the battles of Neretva and Sutjeska.
On 25 November 1942, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia was convened in Bihać, modern day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The council reconvened on 29 November 1943, in Jajce, also in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, establishing a federation (this date was celebrated as Republic Day after the war).
The Yugoslav Partisans were able to expel the Axis from Serbia in 1944 and the rest of Yugoslavia in 1945. The Red Army provided limited assistance with the liberation of Belgrade and withdrew after the war was over. In May 1945, the Partisans met with Allied forces outside former Yugoslav borders, after also taking over Trieste and parts of the southern Austrian provinces of Styria and Carinthia. However, the Partisans withdrew from Trieste in June of the same year under heavy pressure from Stalin, who did not want a confrontation with the other Allies.[25]
Western attempts to reunite the Partisans, who denied the supremacy of the old government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the émigrés loyal to the king led to the Tito-Šubašić Agreement in June 1944; however, Marshal Josip Broz Tito was in control and was determined to lead an independent communist state, starting as a prime minister. He had the support of Moscow and London and led by far the strongest Partisan force with 800,000 men.[26][27]
The official Yugoslav post-war estimate of victims in Yugoslavia during World War II is 1,704,000. Subsequent data gathering in the 1980s by historians Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović showed that the actual number of dead was about 1 million.[28]
FPR Yugoslavia[]
On 11 November 1945, elections were held with only the Communist-led People's Front appearing on the ballot, securing all 354 seats. On 29 November, while still in exile, King Peter II was deposed by Yugoslavia's Constituent Assembly, and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was declared.[29] However, he refused to abdicate. Marshal Tito was now in full control, and all opposition elements were eliminated.[30]
On 31 January 1946, the new constitution of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, modelled after the constitution of the Soviet Union, established six republics, an autonomous province, and an autonomous district that were part of Serbia. The federal capital was Belgrade. The policy focused on a strong central government under the control of the Communist Party, and on recognition of the multiple nationalities.[30] The flags of the republics used versions of the red flag or Slavic tricolor, with a red star in the centre or in the canton.
| Name | Capital | Flag | Coat of arms | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | Template:SFRY map | ||
| Socialist Republic of Croatia | Zagreb | |||
| Socialist Republic of Macedonia | Skopje | |||
| Socialist Republic of Montenegro | Titograd | |||
Socialist Republic of Serbia
|
Belgrade
|
|||
| Socialist Republic of Slovenia | Ljubljana |
Tito's regional goal was to expand south and take control of Albania and parts of Greece. In 1947, negotiations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria led to the Bled agreement, which proposed to form a close relationship between the two Communist countries, and enable Yugoslavia to start a civil war in Greece and use Albania and Bulgaria as bases. Stalin vetoed this agreement and it was never realised. The break between Belgrade and Moscow was now imminent.[31]
Yugoslavia solved the national issue of nations and nationalities (national minorities) in a way that all nations and nationalities had the same rights. However, most of the German minority of Yugoslavia, most of whom had collaborated during the occupation and had been recruited to German forces, were expelled towards Germany or Austria.[32]
Yugoslav–Soviet split and the Non-Alignment Movement[]
The country distanced itself from the Soviets in 1948 (cf. Cominform and Informbiro) and started to build its own way to socialism under the political leadership of Josip Broz Tito.[33] Accordingly, the constitution was heavily amended to replace the emphasis on democratic centralism with workers' self-management and decentralization.[34] The Communist Party was renamed to the League of Communists and adopted Titoism at its congress the previous year.[35]
All the Communist European Countries had deferred to Stalin and rejected the Marshall Plan aid in 1947. Tito, at first went along and rejected the Marshall plan. However, in 1948 Tito broke decisively with Stalin on other issues, making Yugoslavia an independent communist state. Yugoslavia requested American aid. American leaders were internally divided, but finally agreed and began sending money on a small scale in 1949, and on a much larger scale 1950–53. The American aid was not part of the Marshall plan.[36]
Tito criticised both Eastern Bloc and NATO nations and, together with India and other countries, started the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961, which remained the official affiliation of the country until it dissolved.
See also[]
- History of the Balkans
Notes and references[]
Notes[]
- ↑ Template:Lang-sq; Template:Lang-rup; Hungarian: Jugoszlávia; Pannonian Rusyn: Югославия, romanized: Juhoslavija; Slovak: Juhoslávia; Romanian: Iugoslavia; Template:Lang-cs; Italian: Iugoslavia; Turkish: Yugoslavya; Template:Lang-bg
- ↑ The Yugoslav Committee, led by Dalmatian Croat politician Ante Trumbić, lobbied the Allies to support the creation of an independent South Slavic state and delivered the proposal in the Corfu Declaration on 20 July 1917.[6]
References[]
- ↑ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1955" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1965" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1975" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1985" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Statistical yearbook of Yugoslavia, 1991" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Spencer Tucker. Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Pp. 1189.
- ↑ "orderofdanilo.org". Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Huntington, Samuel P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. Simon & Schuster. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-684-84441-1.
- ↑ "History, bloody history". BBC News. 24 March 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/kosovo/110492.stm.
- ↑ "FR Yugoslavia Investment Profile 2001" (PDF). EBRD Country Promotion Programme. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Fenwick, Charles G. (1918). "Jugoslavic National Unity". The American Political Science Review 12 (4): 718–721. doi:10.2307/1945848. ISSN 0003-0554. JSTOR 1945848. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945848.
- ↑ Ramet 2006, p. 73.
- ↑ Indiana University (October 2002). "Chronology 1929". indiana.edu. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Indiana University (October 2002). "Chronology 1929". indiana.edu. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ A. W. Palmer, "Revolt in Belgrade, March 27, 1941,"History Today (March 1960) 10#3 pp 192–200.
- ↑ "6 April: Germany Invades Yugoslavia and Greece". arquivo.pt. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Dr. Stephen A. Hart; British Broadcasting Corporation (17 February 2011). "Partisans: War in the Balkans 1941–1945". bbc.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ History Channel (2014). "Apr 17, 1941: Yugoslavia surrenders". history.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Indiana University (October 2002). "Chronology 1929". indiana.edu. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Goldberg, Harold J. (2019). Daily Life in Nazi-Occupied Europe. ABC-CLIO. p. 22. ISBN 9781440859120. https://books.google.com/books?id=h5q1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22.
- ↑ Tomasevich, Jozo (2021). "Yugoslavia During the Second World War". In Vucinich, Wayne S.. Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment. University of California Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780520369894. https://books.google.com/books?id=1FXuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79.
- ↑ David Martin, Ally Betrayed: The Uncensored Story of Tito and Mihailovich, (New York: Prentice Hall, 1946), 34.
- ↑ Redžić, Enver (2005). Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War. New York: Tylor and Francis. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7146-5625-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pVCx3jerQmYC&pg=PA155. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ↑ Geiger, Vladimir (2012). "Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators". Review of Croatian History (Croatian Institute of History) VIII (1): 117. https://hrcak.srce.hr/103223?lang=en. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ↑ Buchanan, Andrew N. (2019). World War II in Global Perspective, 1931-1953: A Short History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-1193-6607-2.
- ↑ Michael Lees, The Rape of Serbia: The British Role in Tito's Grab for Power, 1943–1944 (1990).
- ↑ James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (January 2012). Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-6106-9003-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC&pg=PA216. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ Byford, Jovan (2020). Picturing Genocide in the Independent State of Croatia: Atrocity Images and the Contested Memory of the Second World War in the Balkans. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-3500-1597-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=N8LkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158.
- ↑ Jessup, John E. (1989). A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-24308-0.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Arnold and Wiener (2012). Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide. p. 216. ISBN 9781610690034. https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC&pg=PA216. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ John O. Iatrides; Linda Wrigley (2004). Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and Its Legacy. Penn State University Press. pp. 267–73. ISBN 9780271043302. https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv1t3D_3vjkC&pg=PA267. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ Portmann, Michael (2010). "Die orthodoxe Abweichung. Ansiedlungspolitik in der Vojvodina zwischen 1944 und 1947". Bohemica. A Journal of History and Civilisation in East Central Europe 50 (1): 95–120. doi:10.18447/BoZ-2010-2474.
- ↑ Niebuhr, Robert Edward (2018). The Search for a Cold War Legitimacy: Foreign Policy and Tito's Yugoslavia. BRILL. p. 178. ISBN 978-9-0043-5899-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=asZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178.
- ↑ Čubrilo, Jasmina (2020). "The Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade and Post-Revolutionary Desire". In Garcia, Noemi de Haro; Mayayo, Jesús Carrillo, Patricia; Carrillo, Jesús. Making Art History in Europe After 1945. Routledge. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-0-8153-9379-5.
- ↑ Zimmerman, William (2014). Open Borders, Nonalignment, and the Political Evolution of Yugoslavia. Princeton University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4008-5848-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=TfX_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27.
- ↑ John R. Lampe (1990). Yugoslav-American Economic Relations Since World War II. Duke University Press. pp. 28–37. ISBN 978-0822310617. https://archive.org/details/yugoslavamerican00lamp. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
Further reading[]
- Allcock, John B. Explaining Yugoslavia (Columbia University Press, 2000)
- Allcock, John B. et al. eds. Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia: An Encyclopedia (1998)
- Bezdrob, Anne Marie du Preez. Sarajevo Roses: War Memoirs of a Peacekeeper. Oshun, 2002. ISBN 1-77007-031-1
- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005) (in fr). Histoire du peuple serbe. Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587. https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC.
- Chan, Adrian. Free to Choose: A Teacher's Resource and Activity Guide to Revolution and Reform in Eastern Europe. Stanford, CA: SPICE, 1991. ED 351 248
- Cigar, Norman. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of Ethnic-Cleansing. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995
- Cohen, Lenard J. Broken Bonds: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993
- Conversi, Daniele: German -Bashing and the Breakup of Yugoslavia, The Donald W. Treadgold Papers in Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies, no. 16, March 1998 (University of Washington: HMJ School of International Studies)
- Djilas, Milovan. Land without Justice, [with] introd. and notes by William Jovanovich. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1958.
- Dragnich, Alex N. Serbs and Croats. The Struggle in Yugoslavia. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992
- Fisher, Sharon. Political Change in Post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: From Nationalist to Europeanist. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006 ISBN 1-4039-7286-9
- Glenny, Mischa. The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999 (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2000)
- Glenny, Mischa. The fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War, ISBN 0-14-026101-X
- Gutman, Roy. A Witness to Genocide. The 1993 Pulitzer Prize-winning Dispatches on the "Ethnic Cleansing" of Bosnia. New York: Macmillan, 1993
- Hall, Richard C., ed. War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (2014) excerpt
- Hall, Brian. The Impossible Country: A Journey Through the Last Days of Yugoslavia (Penguin Books. New York, 1994)
- Hayden, Robert M.: Blueprints for a House Divided: The Constitutional Logic of the Yugoslav Conflicts. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000
- Hoare, Marko A., A History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day. London: Saqi, 2007
- Hornyak, Arpad. Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927 (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2013) 426 pages
- Jelavich, Barbara: History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Volume 1. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1983 ED 236 093
- Jelavich, Barbara: History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century, Volume 2. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1983. ED 236 094
- Kohlmann, Evan F.: Al-Qaida's Jihad in Europe: The Afghan-Bosnian Network Berg, New York 2004, ISBN 1-85973-802-8; ISBN 1-85973-807-9
- Malesevic, Sinisa: Ideology, Legitimacy and the New State: Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia. London: Routledge, 2002.
- Owen, David. Balkan Odyssey Harcourt (Harvest Book), 1997
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. The improbable survivor: Yugoslavia and its problems, 1918–1988 (1988). online free to borrow
- Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Tito—Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment (1992) online free to borrow
- Pavlowitch, Steven. Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia (2008) excerpt and text search
- Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34656-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC.
- Roberts, Walter R.: Tito, Mihailovic, and the Allies: 1941–1945. Duke University Press, 1987; ISBN 0-8223-0773-1.
- Sacco, Joe: Safe Area Gorazde: The War in Eastern Bosnia 1992–1995. Fantagraphics Books, January 2002
- Silber, Laura and Allan Little:Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. New York: Penguin Books, 1997
- "New Power" at Time magazine (reprinted from 4 December 1944)
- West, Rebecca: Black Lamb and Gray Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia. Viking, 1941
Historiography and memory[]
- Antolovi, Michael. "Writing History under the 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat': Yugoslav Historiography 1945–1991." Revista de História das Ideias 39 (2021): 49-73. online
- Banac, Ivo. "Yugoslavia." American Historical Review 97.4 (1992): 1084-1104. online
- Banac, Ivo. "The dissolution of Yugoslav historiography." in Beyond Yugoslavia (Routledge, 2019) pp. 39-65. [1]
- Beloff, Nora (1986). Tito's Flawed Legacy: Yugoslavia and the West Since 1939. Westview Pr. ISBN 978-0-8133-0322-2. online
- Brunnbauer, Ulf. "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) After Socialism." Historein 4 (2003): 161-182. online
- Carter, April (1989). Marshal Tito: A Bibliography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28087-0.
- Cicic, Ana. "Yugoslavia Revisited: Contested Histories through Public Memories of President Tito." (2020). online
- Cosovschi, Agustin. "Seeing and Imagining the Land of Tito: Oscar Waiss and the Geography of Socialist Yugoslavia." Balkanologie. Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires 17.1 (2022). online
- Dimić, Ljubodrag. "Historiography on the Cold War in Yugoslavia: from ideology to science." Cold War History 8.2 (2008): 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740802018835
- Foster, Samuel. Yugoslavia in the British imagination: Peace, war and peasants before Tito (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021) online. See also online book review
- Hoepken, Wolfgang. "War, memory, and education in a fragmented society: The case of Yugoslavia." East European Politics and Societies 13.1 (1998): 190-227. online
- Juhász, József. "Paradigms and narratives in the historiography on the disintegration of Yugoslavia." Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe (2023): 1-12. online
- Karge, Heike. "Mediated remembrance: local practices of remembering the Second World War in Tito's Yugoslavia." European Review of History—Revue européenne d'histoire 16.1 (2009): 49-62. [2]
- Kevo, Tomislav. "The Image of Socialist Yugoslavia in Croatian Historiography." (2013). online
- Lampe, John R: Yugoslavia As History: Twice There Was a Country (1996) ISBN 0-521-46705-5
- Perović, Jeronim. "The Tito-Stalin split: a reassessment in light of new evidence." Journal of Cold War Studies 9.2 (2007): 32–63. online
- Sindbæk, Tea. "The fall and rise of a national hero: interpretations of Draža Mihailović and the Chetniks in Yugoslavia and Serbia since 1945." Journal of contemporary European studies 17.1 (2009): 47-59. online
- Sindbæk, Tea. "World War II genocides in Yugoslav historiography." (2006). online
- Stallaerts, Robert. "Historiography in the Former and New Yugoslavia." Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis 3 (1999): 4+ online.
- Tromp, Nevanka. "Ongoing Disintegration of Yugoslavia: historiography of the conflict that won’t go away." Leidschrift 36.november: 30 jaar postcommunisme. Op zoek naar een nieuw evenwicht (2021): 31-48. [3]
- Trošt, Tamara P. "The image of Josip Broz Tito in post-Yugoslavia: Between national and local memory." in Ruler Personality Cults from Empires to Nation-States and Beyond (Routledge, 2020) pp. 143-162. online
External links[]
Template:EB1922 Poster
Wikimedia Atlas of Yugoslavia- Maps
Template:Cite encyclopaedia- The First Yugoslavia: Search for a Viable Political System, by Alex N. Dragnich
- European University Institute Yugoslavia
- "Yugoslavia: the outworn structure"—CIA report from November 1970
- Timeline: Break-up of Yugoslavia at BBC News
- Teaching about Conflict and Crisis in the Former Yugoslavia
- Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- The collapse of communist Yugoslavia
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