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Walt Disney Imagineering

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Not to be confused with Imagineering (company).

Walt Disney Imagineering Research & Development, Inc.
Trade name
Walt Disney Imagineering
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryEngineering, architecture design
FoundedDecember 16, 1952; 72 years ago (1952-12-16)
HeadquartersGrand Central Creative Campus,
Glendale, California
,
United States
Key people
  • Bob Weis (President)
ProductsTheme parks, resorts, attractions, cruise ships, real estate developments, entertainment venues
ServicesDesign
Property management
ParentDisney Parks, Experiences and Products
(The Walt Disney Company)
WebsiteNo URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.

Walt Disney Imagineering Research & Development, Inc.,[1] commonly referred to as Imagineering, is the research and development arm of The Walt Disney Company, responsible for the creation, design, and construction of Disney theme parks and attractions worldwide. The company also manages The Walt Disney Company's properties, from Walt Disney Studios in Burbank to New Amsterdam Theatre and Times Square Studios Ltd.[2] in New York City. Founded by Walt Disney to oversee the production of Disneyland, it was originally known as Walt Disney, Inc. then WED Enterprises, from the initials meaning "Walter Elias Disney", the company co-founder's full name.[3] Headquartered in Glendale, California, Imagineering is composed of "Imagineers", who are illustrators, architects, engineers, lighting designers, show writers and graphic designers.

The term Imagineering, a portmanteau, was introduced in the 1940s by Alcoa to describe its blending of imagination and engineering, and used by Union Carbide in an in-house magazine in 1957, with an article by Richard F Sailer called "BRAINSTORMING IS IMAGination engINEERING". Disney filed for a trademark for the term in 1989, claiming first use of the term in 1962. Imagineering is a registered trademark of Disney Enterprises, Inc.[4]

History[]

WED Enterprises[]

Walt Disney, Inc. (WDI) was formed by Walt Disney on December 16, 1952 with an engineering division tasked with designing Disneyland.[5][6] In light of objections from his brother Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, WDI was renamed WED Enterprises in 1953 based on Walt's initials.[5][6] In 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park.[7] WED Enterprises theme park design and architectural group became so integral to the Disney studio's operations that the Disney Productions bought it on February 5, 1965 along with the WED Enterprises name.[8][9][10][11]

Imagineering[]

The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering. In 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerate's real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering.[12]

Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U.S. traveling attraction, which premiered in September 1996. With poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects (Asia Pacific), Inc., a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30, 1997.[13]

By 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the industrial park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings. The additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices.[2][14]

As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts merged with Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media segments into Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, giving Disney Imagineering oversight of merchandise, games and publishing development.[15][16]

Principles[]

According to former Disney employee Doug Lipp, Imagineering is governed by 15 principles, techniques and practices in the construction of attractions and theme parks.[17] These 15 principles have since been published for individuals wanting to achieve their creative goals.[18] New concepts and improvements are often created to fulfill specific needs. For instance, the Soarin' Over California ride system was designed to help guests experience the sensation of flight. During development, Imagineer Mark Sumner found an erector set in his attic, which quickly inspired the solution to create this experience. The ride effectively simulates hang gliding.[19][20] One of Imagineering's techniques, "blue sky speculation", is a process in which ideas are generated without limitations.[3][21] Imagineers may develop a bold idea in extreme detail, initially disregarding budgetary or physical constraints. It can take up to five years for an idea to turn into a finished attraction.[22] The company consider this the beginning of a design process, believing, "if it can be dreamt, it can be built."[23]

Imagineering constantly strive to perfect their work, in which Walt Disney coined as "plussing". He believed that there is always room for innovation and improvement, stating "Disneyland will never be completed as long as there's imagination left in the world".[19] Imagineering has also returned to previously abandoned ideas. For example, the Museum of the Weird, was a proposed walk-through wax museum that eventually became The Haunted Mansion.[19]

WDI partnered with the Khan Academy to create a series of online video classes called Imagineering in a Box, to allow students to "explore different aspects of theme park design, from characters to ride development..." The classes are organized into three main areas; Creating worlds, Designing attractions, and Bringing Characters to life, and are presented by WDI employees using multimedia lessons and exercises.

The Art of the Show[]

Disney theme parks are story-telling and visual experiences, also known as “The Art of the Show.” The use of theming, atmosphere, and attention to detail are essential in the Disney experience. Creative director John Hench noted the similarities between theme park design and film making, such as the use of techniques including forced perspective.[24] One notable example of forced perspective is Cinderella Castle in Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World. The scale of architectural elements is much smaller in the upper reaches of the castle compared to the foundation, making it seem significantly taller than its actual height of 189 feet.[3][25]

The attraction, Pirates of the Caribbean, evokes a “rollicking buccaneer adventure,” according to Hench. In contrast, the Disney Cruise Line ships create an elegant seafaring atmosphere. Minor details in theme park shops and restaurants are crucial; these include the menus, names of the dishes and the Cast Members’ costumes.[24] When guests walk down the area of Main Street, U.S.A., they are likely to notice a bakery fragrance,[25] reminiscent of suburban America in the 1900s. In addition to theme parks, Imagineering has devised retail stores, galleries, and hotels which have "stories" and create a specific mood. For instance, the Disney's Contemporary Resort features an A-frame structure, modern décor and futuristic features including a quiet monorail in the lobby. These details reinforce the hotel's contemporary nature.[23]

In 2010, Disney Educational Products produced a series of videos, The Science of Disney Imagineering. Each video was presented by Imagineer Asa Kalama, and focused on a different science subject.[26] Each video featured at least one Disney attraction, to show how science was used in them. These science subjects include Gravity, Trajectory, Levers & Pulleys, Fluids, Energy, Design & Models, Magnetism, Motion, Animal Adaptations: Communication, Friction, and Electricity.[27]

Mickey's Ten Commandments[]

In 1991, Marty Sklar (then-president of Imagineering) presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg (the vice president of Imagineering). They are:[28]

  1. Know your audience
  2. Wear your guest's shoes (don't forget the human factors; try to experience the parks from the guests' point of view)
  3. Organize the flow of people and ideas (ensure experiences tell a story that is organized and logically laid out)
  4. Create a "Wienie" (Walt Disney's term for a "visual magnet")
  5. Communicate with visual literacy (use a dominant color or shape or building to reinforce a theme)
  6. Avoid overload—create turn-ons (do not offer too much detailed information)
  7. Tell one story at a time (put one 'big idea' in each show so guests leave with a clear understanding of the theme)
  8. Avoid contradictions—maintain identity (avoid irrelevant or contradicting elements; make sure the audience has a clear idea of what is being said)
  9. For every ounce of treatment, provide a ton of treat (take advantage of the distinction of the theme park, which is that it encourages active participation, compared to passive entertainment)
  10. Keep it up (do not become complacent or allow things to run down)

Innovation[]

Imagineering has been granted over 300 patents[29] in areas such as advanced audio systems, fiber optics, interactive technology, live entertainment, ride systems and special effects.[2] Imagineering pioneered technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system.

Audio-Animatronics[]

Main article: Audio-Animatronics

Imagineering is known for its development of Audio-Animatronics, a form of robotics, used in shows and theme park attractions that animate objects in three dimension (3D). The idea originated from Walt Disney's fascination with a mechanical bird that he purchased in New Orleans, which later led to the development of the attraction, The Enchanted Tiki Room. The attraction, which featured singing Audio-Animatronic birds, was the first to use this technology. In the 1964 World's Fair, a 3D figure of Abraham Lincoln was represented. The animated Lincoln delivered part of the Gettysburg Address for the “Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln” exhibit, the first human Audio-Animatronic figure.[30]

Today, Audio-Animatronics are featured in many attractions, including Pirates of the Caribbean, The Haunted Mansion, The Hall of Presidents, Country Bear Jamboree, Star Tours—The Adventures Continue, and Muppet*Vision 3D. Guests have also had the opportunity to interact with Audio-Animatronic characters, such as Lucky the Dinosaur, WALL-E, and Remy from Ratatouille. The next wave of Audio-Animatronic development focuses on completely independent figures, also known as “Autonomatronics”. Otto, the first Autonomatronic figure, debuted at the 2009 D23 Expo and can see, hear, sense a person's presence and emotions, and have a conversation.[31]

WEDway[]

WEDway is a people mover system using linear induction motor (LIM) technology to propel vehicles along a pair of steel rails. This system was developed in the company's early years. The system is in operation at Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom and George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas, United States. From 1967 to 1995, Disneyland utilized a version of this system which had rubber wheels placed every 9 feet along the guide-way.

Theme park projects[]

File:WED at Play.jpg

"Imagineers at Play" construction signage at Disneyland in 2005.

Since 1952, Imagineering has created twelve theme parks, a town, four cruise ships, dozens of resort hotels, water parks, shopping centers, sports complexes and various entertainment venues.[3]

Current Imagineering projects[]

Project Park/Resort Opening Date
Disney's Hotel New York — The Art of Marvel[32] Disneyland Paris March 8, 2021
Arendelle: World of Frozen[33] Hong Kong Disneyland 2021
Avengers Campus[34] Walt Disney Studios Park
Cars Route 66 Road Trip[32]
Remy's Ratatouille Adventure[35] Epcot
Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser[36] Walt Disney World
Toy Story Hotel[37] Tokyo Disney Resort
Disney Wish[38] Disney Cruise Line Summer 2022
Arendelle: World of Frozen [39] Walt Disney Studios Park 2023
Avengers Quinjet Experience[40] Hong Kong Disneyland
Fantasy Springs[41] Tokyo DisneySea
Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway[42] Disneyland
Avengers Campus[43] Disney California Adventure TBA
Avengers Quinjet Experience[34]
Lighthouse Point[44] Disney Cruise Line
New ship[45]
New ship[45]
The Princess and the Frog themed attraction[46] Disneyland
Magic Kingdom
TRON Lightcycle Run[47] Magic Kingdom
Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind[35] Epcot
Harmonious[35]
Journey of Water[35]
Play! Pavilion[35]
Space 220[35]
Untitled Mary Poppins attraction[35]
Wondrous China[35]
Zootopia themed area[48] Shanghai Disneyland Park

Other projects[]

Former creative director John Hench designed the "Tower of Nations" for the opening and closing ceremony of the 1960 Winter Olympics, whilst Walt Disney served as Pageantry Committee chairman.

Imagineering has collaborated with Walt Disney Consumer Products on a number of projects for Disney Stores. The first store, in Glendale, was designed and constructed by a group of architectural Imagineers. Imagineering developed the now-defunct Walt Disney Gallery at the Main Place Mall in Santa Ana, California, and a Roman themed Disney Store at The Forum Shops at Caesars in Las Vegas. After the purchase of the Disney Stores by The Children's Place in 2004, Imagineering helped design an exclusive chain of flagship stores, called World of Disney. These are located in resorts, Lake Buena Vista, Florida and Anaheim, California, as well as New York City. Another flagship store arrived at Disneyland Paris in 2012. An overhaul of Disney Stores was planned in 2009 with the help of Apple CEO Steve Jobs. Disney hoped to transition from a traditional retail model to an interactive entertainment hub.[49]

In the 1990s, Imagineering designed the 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) Club Disney interactive family fun center in Thousand Oaks, California. Although now closed, it was the first of several location-based entertainment (LBE) venues. In 1998, DisneyQuest, an 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) high-tech, virtual reality arcade was launched at Disney Springs in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Another DisneyQuest in Chicago was launched a year later. In 2007, Imagineering oversaw design and construction of ships, Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy. They also helped design exhibitions for the Autry Museum of Western Heritage in Los Angeles and developed the Encounter Restaurant, which is located at the top of Theme Building in Los Angeles International Airport. Moreover, they provided exhibits for the Port Discovery children's museum at the Inner Harbor in Baltimore, Maryland, as well as the "Below Deck" sound show depicting Blackbeard's final battle as part of the Pirate and Treasure Museum in St. Augustine, Florida.

In 1996, Imagineering remodeled the Times Square Studios in New York City following the acquisition of ABC. In 1997, Disney purchased the California Angels and renamed the team to Anaheim Angels. Shortly, Imagineering renovated the Anaheim Stadium. Recently, Imagineering worked with charity, FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), to create the teaser video and the story, as well as the theming of the 2016 FIRST Robotics Competition, FIRST Stronghold.[50][51]

Corporate locations[]

File:Grand Central Creative Campus map.png

Grand Central Creative Campus map

Since the 1960s, Imagineering's headquarters have been located in nondescript office buildings on the site of the former Grand Central Airport in Glendale, California, about two miles (3.2 km) east of Disney's corporate headquarters in Burbank. There are field offices at Epcot and Disney's Hollywood Studios at the Walt Disney World Resort. There are also offices located at:

  • Walt Disney Imagineering Disneyland Field Office, Disneyland Resort
  • Tokyo Disney Resort Administration Building, Tokyo Disney Resort
  • The former WDFA field office, Disneyland Paris
  • Walt Disney Imagineering Hong Kong Site Office, Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
  • Walt Disney Imagineering Germany GmBH, Meyer Werft Papenburg, Germany

Bibliography[]

  • Hench, John, with Peggy Van Pelt. Designing Disney: Imagineering and the Art of the Show. Disney Editions, 2003, ISBN 0-7868-5406-5.
  • The Imagineers. Walt Disney Imagineering: A Behind the Dreams Look At Making the Magic Real. Disney Editions, 1996, ISBN 0-7868-6246-7 (hardcover); 1998, ISBN 0-7868-8372-3 (paperback).
  • The Imagineers. Walt Disney Imagineering: A Behind the Dreams Look at Making More Magic Real. Disney Editions, 2010, ISBN 1-4231-0766-7 (hardcover).
  • The Imagineers. The Imagineering Way: Ideas to Ignite Your Creativity. Disney Editions, 2003, ISBN 0-7868-5401-4.
  • The Imagineers (as "The Disney Imagineers"). The Imagineering Workout: Exercises to Shape Your Creative Muscles. Disney Editions, 2005, ISBN 0-7868-5554-1.
  • The Imagineers. The Imagineering Field Guide to Disneyland. Disney Editions, 2008, ISBN 1-4231-0975-9, ISBN 978-1-4231-0975-4.
  • The Imagineers. The Imagineering Field Guide to Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World. Disney Editions, 2007, ISBN 1-4231-0320-3, ISBN 978-1-4231-0320-2.
  • The Imagineers. The Imagineering Field Guide to Epcot at Walt Disney World. Disney Editions, 2006, ISBN 0-7868-4886-3.
  • Tge Imagineers. The Imagineering Field Guide to Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World. Disney Editions, 2005, ISBN 0-7868-5553-3.
  • Kurtti, Jeff. Walt Disney's Legends of Imagineering and the Genesis of the Disney Theme Park. Disney Editions, 2006, ISBN 0-7868-5559-2.
  • Alcorn, Steve and David Green. Building a Better Mouse: The Story of the Electronic Imagineers Who Designed Epcot. Themeperks Press, 2007, ISBN 0-9729777-3-2.
  • Surrell, Jason. The Disney Mountains: Imagineering at Its Peak. Disney Editions, 2007, ISBN 1-4231-0155-3
  • Ghez, Didier; Littaye, Alain; Translated into English by Cohn, Danielle. Disneyland Paris From Sketch To Reality. Nouveau Millénaire Editions, 2002, ISBN 2-9517883-1-2
  • Surrell, Jason. Pirates of the Caribbean: From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies. Disney Editions, 2007, ISBN 1-4176-9274-X, ISBN 978-1-4176-9274-3.
  • Surrell, Jason. The Haunted Mansion: From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies. Disney Editions, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7868-5419-6

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ "Statement of Information: Walt Disney Imagineering Research & Development, Inc". Business Search. Califorina Secretary of State. Retrieved April 11, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Blankstein, Andrew (March 14, 2000). "Disney Reveals Plans for $2-Billion Glendale Project". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/14/local/me-8721. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wright, Alex; Imagineers (2005). The Imagineering Field Guide to Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World. New York: Disney Editions. ISBN 0786855533. https://books.google.com/books?id=hRLKAAAACAAJ&q=The+Imagineering+Field+Guide+to+the+Magic+Kingdom. 
  4. ↑ "Imagineering – Trademark Details". Justia Trademarks. Retrieved 21 August 2016. {{cite web}}:
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aberdeen, J. A. (2000). "Disneyland". Hollywood Renegades. Cobblestone Entertainment. ISBN 1-890110-24-8. https://archive.org/details/hollywoodrenegad00aber. Retrieved May 5, 2015. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Peltz, James F. (October 2, 1990). "The Wonderful World of Disney's Other Firm : Entertainment: Walt Disney created a separate company for his family. Retlaw Enterprises is now worth hundreds of millions.". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/1990-10-02/business/fi-1834_1_walt-disney. 
  7. ↑ Blankstein, Andrew (September 2, 1999). "Disney Plans to Build Major 'Creative Campus' in Glendale". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/1999/sep/02/news/mn-5949. 
  8. ↑ Broggie, Michael (1997). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Pentrex. p. 174. ISBN 1563420090. 
  9. ↑ Smith, Dave (1998). Disney A to Z — The Updated Official Encyclopedia. Hyperion Books. pp. 467, 601. ISBN 0786863919. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786863914/page/467. 
  10. ↑ Stewart, James (2005). Disney War. Simon & Schuster. pp. 41. https://archive.org/details/disneywar00jame_0. 
  11. ↑ Gabler, Neal (2006). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Knopf. pp. 629. 
  12. ↑ "Walt Disney Imagineering". D23: Disney A to Z. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  13. ↑ Matzer, Marla (August 28, 1997). "It Didn't Play in Puyallup, so Disney Tries Singapore". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/1997/aug/28/business/fi-26586. 
  14. ↑ Blankstein, Andrew (March 14, 2000). "New Disney Campus in Glendale to Hire 10,000". Los Angeles Times. https://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/14/local/me-8637. 
  15. ↑ Wang, Christine (March 14, 2018). "Disney announces strategic reorganization, effective immediately". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/14/disney-announces-strategic-reorganization-effective-immediately.html. 
  16. ↑ https://dpep.disney.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/fact_sheet_walt_disney_imagineering_2019_Q4.pdf
  17. ↑ "The Imagineering Pyramid – An Overview". The Imagineering Toolbox. 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2019-03-23. {{cite web}}:
  18. ↑ J., Prosperi, Louis (April 14, 2016). The imagineering pyramid : using Disney theme park design principles to develop and promote your creative ideas. Imagineers (Group). [Place of publication not identified]. ISBN 9781941500965. OCLC 956510763. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 George Scribner and Jerry Rees (Directors) (2007). Disneyland: Secrets, Stories, and Magic (DVD). Walt Disney Video. 
  20. ↑ Mmartin (2018-04-27). "Wishcasting Disney Legends: Mark Sumner - my 244th pick to be a Disney Legend". Wishcasting Disney Legends. Retrieved 2019-03-19. {{cite web}}:
  21. ↑ "Walt Disney Imagineering Principles – Blue Sky Speculation | whoisbuzzmann.com". www.markus-bussmann.com. Retrieved 2019-03-23. {{cite web}}:
  22. ↑ "Meet Asa Kalama | Disney Educational Productions". 2015-04-03. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved 2019-03-23. {{cite web}}:
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Marling, Karal (1997). Designing Disney's Theme Parks. Paris — New York: Flammarion. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Hench, John; Peggy Van Pelt (2003). Designing Disney: Imagineering and the Art of the Show. New York: Disney Editions. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "8 Key Principles That Disney Imagineers Use to Develop New Attractions". Theme Park Tourist. 2014-09-22. Retrieved 2019-03-23. {{cite web}}:
  26. ↑ "Meet Asa Kalama". disney.com. Disney. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  27. ↑ "The Science of Disney Imagineering: Buy All 11 DVDs". dep-store.com. Disney. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  28. ↑ The Way We Do Business. Walt Disney Imagineering Workshop 1991. Walt Disney Imagineering, The Disney Development Company. April 25–26, 1991. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016. {{cite conference}}:
  29. ↑ "Disney Blends Imagination and Technology to Deliver Landmarks in Theme Park Innovation" (Press release). Walt Disney World. https://wdwnews.com/releases/disney-blends-imagination-and-technology-to-deliver-landmarks-in-theme-park-innovation/. 
  30. ↑ "The Walt Disney Company Home — Jobs and Careers". Archived from the original on November 2, 2005. {{cite web}}:
  31. ↑ "Disney Autonomatronics Figure Can Sense If You're Happy". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009. {{cite web}}:
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Smith, Thomas (December 17, 2020). "Take a Look at What's Coming to Disneyland Paris in 2021". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved December 17, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  33. ↑ Smith, Thomas (August 25, 2019). "Hong Kong Disneyland Transformation Includes Castle of Magical Dreams, New 'Frozen' Area with Coaster, Frozen Ever After Attraction". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved August 25, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Ramirez, Michael (August 25, 2019). "Super Heroes Preparing to Assemble at Disney Parks Around the World". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved August 25, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 35.7 Schoolfield, Jeremy. "New Details Revealed for the Historic Transformation of Epcot Underway at Walt Disney World Resort". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved August 25, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  36. ↑ Schoolfield, Jeremy. "Just Announced: Star Wars: Galactic Starcruiser to Debut in 2021 at Walt Disney World Resort". https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2019/12/star-wars-galactic-starcruiser-update-dec-2019/. 
  37. ↑ Smith, Thomas. "Toy Story-Inspired Hotel Coming to Tokyo Disney Resort". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 30 November 2018. {{cite web}}:
  38. ↑ Frontado, Jonathan. "New Disney Wish Set to Debut in Summer 2022". Cruise Industry News. https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/23690-new-disney-wish-set-to-debut-in-summer-2020.html#:~:text=Disney%20Cruise%20Line%20has%20announced,enter%20service%20in%20summer%202022.&text=At%20approximately%20144%2C000%20gross%20tons,Disney%20Dream%20and%20Disney%20Fantasy.%22. 
  39. ↑ Smith, Thomas. "New Experiences Coming to Disneyland Paris in 2020 and Beyond". https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2019/09/new-experiences-coming-to-disneyland-paris-in-2020-and-beyond/. 
  40. ↑ ""Moana: A Homecoming Celebration" Opens as the First New Experience of Hong Kong Disneyland's Multi-year Expansion". Hong Kong Disneyland. Retrieved May 25, 2018. {{cite web}}:
  41. ↑ Smith, Thomas. "New Themed Port at Tokyo DisneySea to be Named Fantasy Springs". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved May 23, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  42. ↑ Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway Set to Open March 4, 2020 at Disney's Hollywood Studios". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved December 3, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  43. ↑ Gibaldi, Gabriel (December 25, 2019). "Avengers Campus at Disney California Adventure Park to Begin Recruiting Super Heroes in Summer 2020". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved December 25, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  44. ↑ "Disney Cruise Line New Island Destination will Celebrate the Culture of The Bahamas". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 2020-02-03. {{cite web}}:
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Frontado, Jonathan. "Disney Planning Not Two, But Three New Ships". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  46. ↑ "New Adventures with Princess Tiana Coming to Disneyland Park and Magic Kingdom Park". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved June 25, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  47. ↑ Fickley-Baker, Jennifer. "Attention Users: Tron Attraction Update Now Loading". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved August 10, 2018. {{cite web}}:
  48. ↑ Smith, Thomas. "'Zootopia'-Themed Expansion Coming to Shanghai Disneyland". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved January 22, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  49. ↑ Barnes, Brooks (October 13, 2009). "Disney's Retail Plan Is a Theme Park in Its Stores". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/13/business/media/13disney.html?_r=1. 
  50. ↑ Merrick, Frank. "The Teaser is Coming!". usfirst.org. US FIRST. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  51. ↑ (in en) 2016 FIRST Robotics Competition Kickoff Broadcast. For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology. 2016. Event occurs at 28:50. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lBiwIt2Xh8. "Of course, we had tremendous help in doing all of this from our friends at Walt Disney Imagineering. Not only did they produce the teaser for us, but they helped us keep the story of this game front and center." 

Further reading[]

External links[]

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