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Wakanda

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This article is about the country in the Marvel Comics universe. For other uses, see Wakanda (disambiguation).

Wakanda
LocationWakanda
Map of Wakanda from Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #12 (December 1983).
Art by Don McGregor.
First appearanceFantastic Four #52
(July 1966)
Created byStan Lee
Jack Kirby
Information
RulerBlack Panther (T’Challa)
Ethnic group(s)Wakandan
Race(s)African
Notable locationsBirnin Zana (Golden City), the Vibranium Mound, Jabari village
PublisherMarvel Comics
DemonymWakandan
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
CurrencyWakandan vibranium dollar
Language(s)Wakandan
Yoruba
Hausa
English[1]

Wakanda (/wəˈkændə[unsupported input]-ˈkɑːn-/) is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.[2] It is located in sub-Saharan Africa, and is home to the superhero Black Panther. Wakanda first appeared in Fantastic Four #52 (July 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.[3]

Wakanda has appeared in comics and various media adaptations, including the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War (2016), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). A highly developed country, Wakanda is depicted as the most technologically advanced nation on the planet.

Location[]

File:Lake Turkana vicinity.jpg

In the MCU, Wakanda is located just north of Lake Turkana, at a point bordering Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and South Sudan.

Wakanda is located in East Africa, although its exact location has varied throughout the nation's publication history: some sources place Wakanda just north of Tanzania and exactly at Burundi,[4] while others – such as Marvel Atlas #2[1] – show it at the north end of Lake Turkana, in between South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia (and surrounded by fictional countries like Azania, Canaan, and Narobia).[5] In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, on-screen maps use the location given in Marvel Atlas #2.

Director Ryan Coogler stated that his depiction of Wakanda in the 2018 film Black Panther was inspired by the Southern African Kingdom of Lesotho.[6][7]

In recent stories by writer Ta-Nehisi Coates, Wakanda is located on Lake Victoria, near Mohannda, Canaan, Azania and Niganda. This places these nations mostly in what in real life is the eastern half of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[8]

Birnin Zana is located within Wakanda. It is considered by some to be a smart city.[9] In Birnin Zana, pedestrians walk along commerce-filled streets that are car-free except for the occasional appearance of (buslike) shuttles. The whole is quite similar to the Woonerf Concept, an approach to public space design which started in the Netherlands in the 1970s. Maglev trains are seen zipping above and around the city. The Wakandan buildings incorporate some traditional African elements (i.e. thatch roofs and hanging gardens) on some of the tallest structures.[10]

History[]

Before the emergence of the Wakanda nation, mystic beings known as Originators were expelled from the region by the humans and the Orisha,[11] the pantheon of Wakanda consisting of Thoth, Ptah, Mujaji, Kokou and Bast, the Panther Goddess.[12][13]

In the distant past, a massive meteorite made up of the element vibranium crashed in Wakanda. It was unearthed a generation before the events of the present day. T'Challa, the current Black Panther, is the son of T'Chaka, the Black Panther before him and a descendant of Bashenga. Knowing that others would attempt to manipulate and dominate Wakanda for this rare and valuable resource, T'Chaka conceals his country from the outside world. He sells off minute amounts of the valuable vibranium while surreptitiously sending the country's best scholars to study abroad, consequently turning Wakanda into one of the world's most technologically advanced nations. Eventually, however, the explorer Ulysses Klaue finds his way to Wakanda and covers up his work on a vibranium-powered, sound-based weapon. When exposed, Klaue kills T'Chaka, only to see his "sound blaster" turned on him by a grieving teenaged T'Challa. Klaue's right hand is destroyed, and he and his men flee.[14]

Wakanda has an unusually high rate of mutation due to the dangerously mutagenic properties of the Vibranium Mound. A large number of these Wakandan Mutates are working for Erik Killmonger.[14]

Vibranium radiation has permeated much of Wakanda's flora and fauna, including the Heart-Shaped Herb eaten by members of the Black Panther Cult (although T'Challa once allowed a dying Spider-Man to eat it in the hope that it would help him deal with a mysterious illness) and the flesh of the White Gorilla eaten by the members of the White Gorilla Cult.

In the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline, Skrull forces led by Commander K'vvvr invade Wakanda and engage Black Panther and his forces. Due to heavy resistance to the deployment of technological developments, both sides are forced to fight with swords and spears. The Wakandan forces voluntarily wear panther masks; this prevents the Skrulls from focusing attacks on their leader. Despite losses, the Wakandans defeat the Skrulls. They kill every single one, including K'vvvr, and send their ship back, packed with the bodies. A warning against invading Wakanda is left written on the wall of the ship's control center.[15]

While under the cosmic power of the Phoenix Force, Namor attacks Wakanda for hiding the Avengers and destroys much of the country with a tidal wave. After the attack, all mutants are banned from Wakanda as stated by Black Panther. Some students from the Jean Grey school are attacked by the Wakandan people; the students barely flee with the help of Storm.[16]

Wakanda expanded its legacy to form an intergalactic empire on Planet Bast.[17]

Wakanda's cults[]

Wakanda contains a number of religious cults originating from various places in Africa, the Pantheon of Wakanda is known as The Orisha,[12][13] orisha is a Yoruba word meaning spirit or deity,[18] Bast the Panther Goddess, Thoth, god of the moon and wisdom and Ptah, the Shaper are Heliopolitan deities, who left ancient Egypt at the time of the pharaohs,[19] Kokou is a warrior orisha from Benin,[20][21] Mujaji is a rain goddess of the Lobedu people of South Africa.[22] Other deities are worshiped in Wakanda, such as Sekhmet[23] and Sobek,[19] other Helipolitan deities and the gorilla gods Ghekre[19] and Ngi, worshiped by the Jabari tribe.[24]

Panther cult[]

Bast the Panther Goddess, based on Bastet the ancient Egyptian deity, is the primary deity of Wakanda.[19][25] After the vibranium meteor fell, a number of Wakandans were painfully mutated into "demon spirits" and began attacking their fellow Wakandans.

T'Challa's ancestor Bashenga begun to close the vibranium mound to outsiders. He formed a religious order that guarded the mound and fought to keep the "demon spirits" from spreading across the kingdom. As the ceremonial and religious role, he took the title of Black Panther as chief of the Panther Tribe. As part of the cult's ceremonies, a Black Panther is entitled to the use of a heart-shaped herb. The herb enhances the physical attributes of the person who consumes it to near-superhuman levels, in a similar manner to the super-soldier serum.[26]

White Gorilla cult[]

The Jabari tribe is known for worshiping gorilla gods: Ghekre, based on the Baoulé deity of the same name[19] and Ngi,[24] based on the Yaounde deity of the same name.[27] Wakanda evolved from a hunter-warrior society, and was traditionally ruled by its greatest warrior. The dominant Black Panther Cult outlawed the rival White Gorilla Cult's worship in Wakanda. M'Baku (Man-Ape) of the Jabari tribe is one of Wakanda's greatest warriors, second only to T'Challa, the Black Panther himself. While T'Challa, king of Wakanda, is on a several month leave of absence from Wakanda, the ambitious M'Baku plots to usurp the throne. M'Baku flouts T'Challa's edicts and revives the White Gorilla Cult, killing one of the rare white gorillas living in the jungles near Wakanda. M'Baku bathes in the gorilla's blood and eats its flesh which "mystically" confers the gorilla's great strength upon M'Baku. He tries to defeat T'Challa in combat, hoping to take over the country, but is beaten and banished from Wakanda.[28] According to the 2018 film, the White Gorilla cult, known in the film as the Jabari (or the Mountain Tribe), revere the monkey god Hanuman.[29]

Lion cult[]

Sekmet the Lion Goddess, based on the deity of the same name,[23] could possess the form of any human worshipers or the bodies of those sanctified and sacrificed by her worshipers, she transformed these subjects into human avatars of herself. She has a number of other powers, some of which she has demonstrated. Sekhmet could grow in size, move at rapid speeds, teleport herself and others, and alter her specific density. The Lion goddess possessed superhuman strength and durability, and she was immortal. She can manipulate the minds of the weak-willed.

Little is known of the history of the Lion Goddess. She had apparently lost many worshipers over the years to the Cult of the Panther God, despite the fact that Sekhmet physically manifested before its followers, and the Panther God only appears to its priests.[23]

Crocodile cult[]

Sobek the Crocodile God, based on the deity of the same name, appears to be an ancient and somewhat forgotten Wakandan deity.[19][30][31]

Name[]

There are several theories for the name of Wakanda. The name may be inspired by a Siouan god called Wakanda, Wakonda, or Waconda, or Wakandas, a fictional African tribe from Edgar Rice Burroughs' novel The Man-Eater, written in 1915 but published posthumously in 1957,[32] or the Kenyan tribe Kamba, Akamba or Wakamba,[33][34] or the word "kanda", which means "family" in Kikongo.[35]

Language[]

In the comics, Wakanda has three official languages: Wakandan, Yoruba and Hausa.[1] In the Marvel Cinematic Universe characters from Wakanda are portrayed speaking the South-East African Xhosa language.[36] The Jabari Tribe are portrayed speaking a dialect similar to Igbo from Nigeria.[37][38]

Defenses[]

In the comics, Wakanda is the foremost military power on Marvel Earth. The Wakandan Army is the country's main ground forces,[39] while the Wakandan Navy oversees naval operations.[40] The Wakandan Air Guard is the nation's air force, which includes pilots wearing powerful suits of combat armor.[41] In order to ensure peace and stability in Wakanda, the Black Panther picked Dora Milaje ("adored ones") from rival tribes to serve as his personal guard and ceremonial wives-in-training.[42][43] Wakanda has its own intelligence system known as the N'Charu Silema; a spy network that worked across the globe to maintain the nation's secrecy.[44][45] It was considered as good as the Mossad and certainly better than the CIA and MI6.[46] later, P.R.I.D.E. (Princess Regent Intelligence Division Executives) was developed as the nation's protection agency.[47] Wakanda is one of the few Earth-616 civilizations who have contingency plans for dealing with Galactus, "The Devourer of Worlds".[48]

Cultural impact[]

In December 2019, it was discovered that the US Department of Agriculture's website listed Wakanda as a free-trade partner, with a list of traded goods which included ducks, donkeys and dairy cows. The USDA claimed the fictional country had been added to the list "by accident during a staff test" and removed it soon after the public became aware of it.[49][50]

The Wakandan capital city (Birnin Zana) could offer an alternative for what future cities could be like in Africa.[10] There are already many smart city initiatives being worked out in Africa.[51] Akon City, a planned city in Senegal, is inspired by Wakanda's capital city,[52] and there are many ecocities that are emerging across Africa.[10]

In other media[]

Books[]

Novels[]

Anthology[]

Little Golden Books[]

Two Little Golden Books were published.[53]

Mighty Marvel Chapter Books[]

Television[]

Animation[]

  • Wakanda appears in the 1994 Fantastic Four episode "Prey of the Black Panther." The Black Panther lures the Fantastic Four to Wakanda in order to test them and see if they were worthy enough to help him fight Klaw.
  • T'Challa/Black Panther appears in the Iron Man: Armored Adventures episode "Panther's Prey".
  • Wakanda appears in the Black Panther TV series. Like the comics, Klaw killed T'Chaka resulting in T'Challa becoming king and the new Black Panther. Later, Klaw decides to invade Wakanda and manages to round up Juggernaut, Batroc the Leaper, Cannibal, the second Radioactive Man, and the Vatican Black Knight to help him with his plans.
  • Wakanda appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes micro-episode "Welcome to Wakanda". Man-Ape challenges T'Chaka for the throne of Wakanda and manages to defeat him with some unseen help from Klaw which resulted in T'Chaka dying from his injuries. Following T'Chaka's death, Man-Ape and Klaw enslave the Wakandans and have them mine for vibranium. This causes T'Challa to become the new Black Panther as he plans to find some allies to help liberate Wakanda. In the episode "Panther's Quest", T'Challa asked the Avengers for help to regain his kingdom from Man-Ape and Klaw. After Man-Ape and Klaw are defeated, T'Challa tells his people that they should no longer remain isolated from the rest of the world.
  • Wakanda appears in the Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers episode "His Majesty, Black Panther!"
  • Wakanda appears in Avengers Assemble and its re-titled seasons. In the episode "The Panther and the Wolf," it is revealed that some of the Wakandans are on the Shadow Council's side like N'Jadaka, M'Baku, and some unnamed Wakandans whether they are either high-ranking or less fortunate.
  • Wakanda is mentioned in the Runaways TV series which is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).[54]

Film[]

Animation[]

  • Wakanda appears in the straight-to-DVD animated feature Ultimate Avengers 2 as a central location and the focal point for an alien invasion. Here the country is portrayed as extreme isolationist nation that views all outsiders as enemies.
  • Wakanda appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda.[55]

Marvel Cinematic Universe[]

File:Wakanda in Black Panther poster.jpeg

Wakanda in a teaser poster for the 2018 film Black Panther.

  • In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), Wakanda is briefly shown on a holographic map in Iron Man 2 and is mentioned in Avengers: Age of Ultron as the source nation of vibranium, but is portrayed for the first time in the final scene of Captain America: Civil War, where Captain America takes refuge with Bucky Barnes. The film also introduces Black Panther to the MCU, ahead of his solo film. In Civil War, T'Challa and his father are shown conversing together in the Xhosa language. For Civil War, Black Panther actor Chadwick Boseman uses a "regional accent based on where Wakanda would be. He did great research on the very cultural aspects of the character. Even though it's a fictional culture, [he figured] out ways to tether it into real African culture."[56] In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, its location was established in Captain America: Civil War when it was shown on a map: at the northern end of Lake Turkana, at a fictional point bordering Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, and Kenya. In real life, this area is actually a disputed border region known as the Ilemi Triangle, claimed by each of these countries. The Black Panther film further established that, in keeping with this map location, it is a landlocked country in the central mountains far from the coasts. Impassable mountains and jungles around its borders have helped Wakanda isolate itself from outsiders. Internally, Wakanda consists of lush river valleys, mountain ranges rich in natural resources, and a fabulous capital city that integrates space-age technology with traditional designs.
  • Wakanda appears prominently in the 2018 film Black Panther, which further expands on its background and culture. The film establishes that, as in the comics, the Black Panther's super-strength comes from consuming the "heart-shaped herb", stating that it is local vegetation that was mutated over millions of years of exposure to Vibranium. Wakanda consists of five tribes, four of which were united under the rule of the first Black Panther 10,000 years ago. As in the comics, the four tribes (The River tribe, the Mining tribe, the Merchant tribe, and the Border tribe[57]) worship Bast, the panther god, amongst others, and also have a strong spiritual tradition of ancestor worship. The River Tribe wear green clothes made from crocodile skin and some males have a lip plate on them. The Mining Tribe are in charge of the Vibranium that is mined, stored, and utilized. The Merchant Tribe are responsible for trades and crafts of art, clothing and pieces of art where they also wear veils during a trade to maintain anonymity. The Border Tribe reside on the mountainous borders of Wakanda posing as farmers in order to deceive foreigners of Wakanda's wealth as well as their talent of breeding white rhinoceros even for battle. The fifth tribe are the Jabari, who follow the white gorilla cult (of the god Hanuman) – they are staunch traditionalists who live isolated up in the mountains. While considered part of Wakanda, the Black Panther's hold over the Jabari is tenuous; during the film, their leader M'Baku rejects T'Challa as a worthy heir to the throne during his coronation, and challenges him to ceremonial combat to claim it for himself. The lords of each tribe sit on the king's councils, and after the Mountain tribe assists T'Challa in his overthrow of the usurper, N'Jadaka aka Erik Kilmonger, to take back the throne, M'Baku is also granted a seat on that council in recognition of his loyalty. The four main tribes of Wakanda speak a version of the Xhosa language, while the Jabari speak an Igbo dialect.[37] The opening animated sequence explains Wakanda was aware that the outside world was becoming increasingly chaotic, throughout the various events of history affecting Africa such as the Atlantic slave trade, the colonisation of Africa by European powers, World War I, and World War II. The Black Panthers of the past, however, were devoted to defending their own country and did not interfere, instead choosing to hide Wakanda from the world - fearing that if they became involved and revealed themselves, it would eventually lead outsiders to try to invade Wakanda itself. Wakanda passes itself off as a small, poor Third World nation of humble herdsmen, using an advanced holographic projection shroud around its borders to hide the advanced technological civilization within. A core tension of the film's narrative is that the new Black Panther, T'Challa, is torn between his loyalty to hide and defend Wakanda as its king, and his own conscience to help the faltering world beyond its borders. Erik Killmonger then arrives in Wakanda to try to seize the throne - mirroring T'Challa's desire to end Wakanda's isolationism, but by conquering the outside world using Wakanda's advanced technologies and weapons. Ultimately, T'Challa defeats Killmonger and decides to reveal Wakanda's true nature to the world during an address at the United Nations. The film's popularity led to a trend among athletes and celebrities around the world to throw up "Wakanda Forever" salutes after their victories.[58] Director Ryan Coogler stated that his depiction of Wakanda was inspired by the southern African kingdom of Lesotho.[6][7] Basotho blankets also became more known as a result of the film and its basis on Lesotho.[59]
  • Wakanda appears in Avengers: Infinity War. When the Avengers learn of Thanos' quest for the Infinity Stones, they travel to Wakanda so that the country's advanced science can remove the Mind Stone from Vision's head without killing him. When Thanos's forces attack Wakanda, the Avengers join forces with Wakanda's army to hold off Thanos' forces. Despite the aid of Thor, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot, Thanos is able to claim the Mind Stone, completing the Infinity Gauntlet. Thanos then eliminates half the population of the universe, including T’Challa and several Wakandans. M’Baku and Okoye survive Thanos' finger snap, alongside Steve Rogers, Thor, Banner, Black Widow, Rocket, and War Machine, all present during the Wakanda battle.
  • Wakanda also briefly appears in Avengers: Endgame[60] after the final battle against 2014 Thanos and Tony Stark's sacrifice. Promotional material indicates Shuri was killed as a result of Thanos' finger snap.[61]
  • In Jingle Jangle: A Christmas Journey, a label (amongst others) is on Jeronicus Jangle's travellers chest, it reads “The Grand Wakanda Country”.[62]

Web[]

In 2016, Wakanda appears in the short film Black Panther in ... The Visitor released by Disney XD on their YouTube channel.[63]

Video games[]

  • Wakanda appears as a location in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2. When the control nanites start to infect the world, Wakanda is one of its victims when The Fold absorbs some mercenaries into its ranks. After taking out Havok, A-Bomb, and Justice, the heroes make their way to Black Panther's palace where they discover that Nick Fury has fallen victim to the control nanites. They end up defeating The Fold-absorbed Wakandans led by Green Goblin and Venom III. When Green Goblin and Venom III are subdued, Black Panther's palace serves as a hub since Stark Tower has fallen under the control of The Fold (and the nanites cannot comprehend Fury's files on Wakanda). When the heroes are fighting Tinkerer at the Repeater Tower in Iceland, Wakanda is under attack by The Fold until the jamming signal is unleashed, thus neutralizing the nanites and saving the world.
  • Wakanda makes a cameo in Storm's ending in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds. She and Black Panther oversee the land while discussing whether or not humanity is worth saving, what with mutant discrimination still being rife.
  • Wakanda appears in Marvel Heroes. The players must try to defeat Man-Ape in a level called "Vibranium Mines" in order to keep him from and his followers from mining the Vibranium.
  • Wakanda is referenced in Lego Marvel Super Heroes. In the mid-credits, Black Panther tells Nick Fury that the people of Wakanda thank him for thwarting Loki and Galactus' attack.
  • Wakanda appears as a stage in Disney Infinity 3.0.[64]
  • Wakanda appears as a stage in Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite, merged with Val Habar from Monster Hunter 4 to become Valkanda.[65]
  • Wakanda appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2. It appears as one of the locations that Kang the Conqueror uses to create Chronopolis. The heroes visit Wakanda where they help Black Panther deal with a Vibranium heist overseen by Klaw, Man-Ape, and the Hydra Four. It is also featured in the "Black Panther" DLC that is not connected to the MCU film.[66]
  • The embassy of Wakanda appears in Marvel's Spider-Man. It appears as one of the landmark tokens. In this continuity, the embassy of Wakanda is located near the headquarters of the United Nations.
  • Wakanda appears in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order when Advanced Idea Mechanics (A.I.M.) attacks the country.

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Michael Hoskin, Anthony Flamini, Eric J. Moreels & Stuart Vandal (w). Marvel Atlas 2 (May 2008), Marvel Comics
  2. ↑ GEORGE GENE GUSTINES (July 22, 2016). "Marvel's World of Wakanda Will Spotlight Women, on the Page and Behind It". NYT. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/books/black-panther-marvel-comics-roxane-gay-ta-nehisi-coates-Wakanda.html. 
  3. ↑ Cronin, Brian (September 19, 2010). "A Year of Cool Comics – Day 262". Comic Book Resources CSBG Archive. Retrieved September 29, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[dead link]
  4. ↑ Fantastic Four vol. 3 #21
  5. ↑ "Searching for Wakanda: The African Roots of the Black Panther Story". Archived from the original on 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2018-09-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Smith, Tymon (18 February 2018). "How 'Black Panther's' director fell in love with Lesotho & isiXhosa". Times Live. https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2018-02-17-black-panther-director-ryan-cooglers-a-fan-of-lesotho--isixhosa/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jones, Nate (15 February 2018). "Black Panther's Wakanda, Explained". Vulture. Retrieved 21 September 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  8. ↑ "Conceptualizing the Black Panther". Archived from the original on 2018-11-07. Retrieved 2018-09-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  9. ↑ Finding Birnin Zana
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 The Real-Life Possibilities of Black Panther's Wakanda, According to Urbanists and City Planners
  11. ↑ Orishas are deities from the Yoruba religion.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Black Panther's Sequel Could Bring a New Mythology Into the MCU". Archived from the original on 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2018-02-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "A Guide to the Myths, Legends, and Gods of Wakanda". Marvel Entertainment. Retrieved 2020-01-31.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Black Panther Appendix at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
  15. ↑ "Black Panther" vol. 4, #38-41. Marvel Comics
  16. ↑ Fraction, Matt (w), Coipel, Oliver (p), Morales, Mark (i), Martin, Laura (col). Avengers vs. X-Men 7 (July 2012), Marvel Comics
  17. ↑ "Black Panther: 10 Things Fans Should Know About The Intergalactic Empire Of Wakanda". CBR. 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2020-01-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. ↑ Landry, Jim (2016-12-08) (in en). Orishas: African Hidden gods of Worship. Truth Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61813-281-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=HjK4DQAAQBAJ&q=orisha+spirit+deity&pg=PT8. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Anthony Flamini, Greg Pak, Fred Van Lente & Paul Cornell (w), Kevin Sharpe (p), Kevin Sharpe (i). Thor & Hercules: Encyclopaedia Mythologica 1 (July 2009), Marvel Comics
  20. ↑ Butler, Stuart (2006) (in en). Benin: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-148-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=qM4f8MNsCW4C&q=kokou+benin&pg=PA32. 
  21. ↑ "Au-delà de l'Afrique: l'épopée yoruba". AfriqueRenouveau (in French). 2020-01-20. Retrieved 2020-12-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. ↑ Philip, Neil; Wilkinson, Philip (2007-09-03) (in en). Eyewitness Companions: Mythology: World Myths, Gods, Heroes, Creatures, Mythical Places. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7566-4221-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=5Oz2nTZvRGYC&q=mujaji+god&pg=PA299. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Lion God at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jabari at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
  25. ↑ Panther God at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
  26. ↑ "The religion of Black Panther (T'Challa)". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2011-01-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  27. ↑ (in en) Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Prometheus Press. 1959. https://books.google.com/books?id=EBEPAQAAIAAJ&q=zamba+ngi+gorilla. 
  28. ↑ "Man-Ape". Marveldirectory.com. Retrieved 2011-01-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  29. ↑ What India can learn from ‘Black Panther’
  30. ↑ "CBR - The World's Top Destination For Comic, Movie & TV news". Comicbookresources.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2018-02-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  31. ↑ As seen in Black Panther vol. 5 #3 (April 2009)
  32. ↑ "The surprising religious backstory of 'Black Panther's' Wakanda". Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2018-09-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. ↑ "Kenya: The Kamba tribe, including its traditions and beliefs; the religion practised; and whether female genital mutilation is practised". Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2018-03-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  34. ↑ Black Panther: storia, cultura, geografia e religioni del Wakanda Archived 2018-09-22 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ "Black Panther – Découvrez la vraie signification de Wakanda". Archived from the original on 2018-09-22. Retrieved 2018-09-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. ↑ Breznican, Anthony (May 5, 2016). "Black Panther language: Where Captain America: Civil War found the words of Wakanda". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Black Panther Press Kit" (PDF). Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  38. ↑ "Nigerians Are Convinced 'Black Panther' Scene-Stealer, M'Baku Is Actually Igbo". Konbini - All Pop Everything!. 2018-02-19. Archived from the original on 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-08.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  39. ↑ Black Panther v4, 1 (April, 2005), Marvel Comics
  40. ↑ Doomwar 1 (April, 2010), Marvel Comics
  41. ↑ Black Panther v4, 4 (July, 2005), Marvel Comics
  42. ↑ Black Panther v3, 1 (November, 1998), Marvel Comics
  43. ↑ Broadnax, Jamie (February 21, 2018). "Get to know the Dora Milaje, Black Panther's mighty women warriors". vox.com.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  44. ↑ Rise of the Black Panther 5 (July, 2018), Marvel Comics
  45. ↑ Black Panther/Captain America: Flags of our Fathers 2 (July, 2010), Marvel Comics
  46. ↑ Black Panther v4, 3 (June, 2005), Marvel Comics
  47. ↑ Black Panther v5, 9 (December, 2009), Marvel Comics
  48. ↑ Black Panther v3, 14 (January, 2000), Marvel Comics
  49. ↑ Thebault, Reis (December 19, 2019). "No, Wakanda is not Trump's next tariff target — despite being removed from a U.S. free-trade list". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/12/18/no-wakanda-is-not-trumps-next-tariff-target-despite-being-removed-us-free-trade-list. 
  50. ↑ "US government lists fictional nation Wakanda as trade partner". BBC News. December 19, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50849559. 
  51. ↑ Smart city initiatives in Africa
  52. ↑ R&B singer Akon is building a 'real-life Wakanda' worth $6 billion in Senegal
  53. ↑ "Little Golden Book". Penguin Random House. Retrieved 2020-02-03.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  54. ↑ Barnhardt, Adam (December 23, 2018). "H'Runaways' Season 2 Drops 'Black Panther' Reference". ComicBook. Retrieved January 8, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  55. ↑ Christopher, Spencer (October 9, 2017). "'Black Panther' Will Have His Own LEGO Movie Called 'Trouble In Wakanda'". HeroicHollywood. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved October 26, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  56. ↑ Russell, Scarlett (March 11, 2016). "Captain America: Civil War won't be visiting Black Panther's home country Wakanda" Archived 2018-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. Digital Spy.
  57. ↑ "Teen Vogue, Black Panther". Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  58. ↑ Weaver, Hilary. "The "Wakanda Forever" Symbol Is Showing Up Everywhere" (in en). Vanities. https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/03/the-black-panther-Wakanda-forever-symbol-is-showing-up-everywhere. 
  59. ↑ https://www.businessinsider.co.za/black-panther-has-not-real-effect-on-the-south-african-sale-of-basotho-blankts-2018-3
  60. ↑ "The Unexpected Challenge That Came With Creating The Portals For Avengers: Endgame". CINEMABLEND. 2019-05-15. Retrieved 2019-06-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  61. ↑ Ridgely, Charlie. "New 'Avengers: Endgame' Posters Confirm Shuri's Fate". Comicbook.com. Retrieved April 17, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  62. ↑ "Jingle Jangle's Black Panther Easter Egg Explained". ScreenRant. 2020-11-15. Retrieved 2020-12-07.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  63. ↑ "Disney XD to Showcase Marvel Video Comics". Archived from the original on 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-04-20.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  64. ↑ Todd Spangler (2015-10-09). "'Marvel Battlegrounds' Disney Infinity Play Set Features Revealed – Variety". Variety.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-19. Retrieved 2018-02-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  65. ↑ Schmidt, Joseph (2017-07-21). "SDCC17 Marvel Vs. Capcom: Infinite: Live Blog". Comicbook.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-02-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  66. ↑ Dornbush, Jonathon (13 February 2018). "LEGO Marvel Super Heroes 2 Black Panther DLC Revealed". IGN. Archived from the original on 2018-04-21. Retrieved 21 April 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

External links[]

Black Panther
Creators Stan Lee • Jack Kirby
Black Panthers T'Chaka • T'Challa • Kasper Cole • Shuri
Supporting characters Avengers • Blade • Brother Voodoo • Captain America • Dora Milaje • Eden Fesi • Everett K. Ross • Fantastic Four (Human Torch • Invisible Woman • Mister Fantastic • Thing) • Gentle • Junta • Luke Cage • Misty Knight • Monica Rambeau • Nick Fury • Okoye • Ramonda • S.H.I.E.L.D. • Storm
Antagonists Achebe • Black Knight • Doctor Doom • Erik Killmonger • Fenris • Ghaur • Kiber the Cruel • Klaw • Kraven the Hunter • Malice • Mephisto • Moses Magnum • Man-Ape • Nightshade • Psycho-Man • Radioactive Man • Venomm
Publications Jungle Action • Marvel Comics Presents • The Crew • World of Wakanda
Storylines "Doomwar"
In other media Black Panther (TV series) • Black Panther (film) (accolades • box office achievements • soundtrack) • Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda
Related articles Avengers • Fantastic Four • Fantastic Force • Illuminati • Ultimates • Coal Tiger • King Solomon's Frogs • Wakanda • Vibranium
Stan Lee
Media Titles Backstreet Project • Heroes for Hope • How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way • Just Imagine... • Karakuri Dôji Ultimo • Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos • The Amazing Spider-Man • The Incredible Hulk • Uncanny X-Men
Storylines "Astonishing Tales" • "Epic Illustrated" • "Marvel Super-Heroes" • "Green Goblin Reborn!" • "If This Be My Destiny...!" • "Snafu" • "Stan Lee Meets..." • "The Galactus Trilogy" • "The Six Arms Saga" • "This Man... This Monster!" • "Venus"
Shows Heroman • Stan Lee's Superhumans • Stan Lee's World of Heroes • Stan Lee's Lucky Man • Stripperella • The Reflection • Who Wants to Be a Superhero? • Who Wants to Be a Superhero? (U.K. TV series)
Films The Comic Book Greats • Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters & Marvels • The Condor • Lightspeed • Mosaic
Related Joan Boocock Lee (wife) • Larry Lieber (brother) • List of cameos • Stan Lee Foundation • Stan Lee Media (productions) • Stan Lee's LA Comic Con • POW! Entertainment
Created Locations and
businesses 		Asgard • Avengers Mansion • Baxter Building • Daily Bugle • Empire State University • Latveria • Limbo • Midtown High School • Negative Zone • Oscorp • Sanctum Sanctorum • Savage Land • Stark Industries • Stark Tower • Subterranea • Wakanda • X-Mansion
Artifacts and
technology 		Cerebro • Cloak of Levitation • Cosmic Cube • Ebony Blade • Eye of Agamotto • Fantasticar • Mjolnir • Norn Stones • Odinsword • Ultimate Nullifier • Vibranium
Characters Heroes Ant-Man / Giant-Man (Hank Pym • Bill Foster) • Avengers • Black Knight (Sir Percy • Dane Whitman) • Black Panther • Black Widow • Blonde Phantom • Brother Voodoo • Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) • Linda Carter • Millie Collins • Daredevil • Destroyer • Doctor Druid • Doctor Strange • Falcon • Fantastic Four (Human Torch • Invisible Woman • Mister Fantastic • Thing) • Forbush Man • Frankenstein's Monster • Goliath • Groot • Guardians of the Galaxy • Hawkeye • Hercules • Howling Commandos (Izzy Cohen • Dum Dum Dugan • Nick Fury • Gabe Jones • Eric Koenig • Rebel Ralston • Junior Juniper • Pinky Pinkerton • Dino Manelli) • Hulk • Inhumans (Black Bolt • Crystal • Gorgon • Karnak • Lockjaw • Medusa • Triton) • Iron Man • Ka-Zar • Kid Colt • Man-Thing • Marvel Boy (Robert Grayson) • Mimic • Prowler • Quicksilver • Ravage 2099 • Rawhide Kid • Scarlet Witch • She-Hulk • S.H.I.E.L.D. • Spider-Man • Stan Lee's Mighty 7 • Starborn • Swordsman • The Guardian Project • Thor • Two-Gun Kid • Venus • Vision • Adam Warlock • Wasp • Witness • Wonder Man • X-Men (Angel • Beast • Cyclops • Iceman • Jean Grey • Professor X) • Yondu • Zombie
Villains Abomination • Absorbing Man • Advanced Idea Mechanics • Air-Walker • Amphibion • Annihilus • Ape-Man • Ares • Asbestos Man • Attuma • Awesome Android • Baron Mordo • Baron Strucker • Baron Zemo (Heinrich Zemo) • Batroc the Leaper • Beetle (Abner Jenkins) • Big Man (Frederick Foswell) • Black Knight (Nathan Garrett) • Blastaar • Blizzard • Blob • Boomerang • Brotherhood of Mutants • Burglar • Cat-Man • Chameleon • Circus of Crime • Clown • Cobra • Collector • Count Nefaria • Crime Master • Crimson Dynamo • Cyttorak • Death-Stalker • Destroyer • Diablo • Doctor Doom • Doctor Faustus • Doctor Octopus • Doombot • Doomsday Man • Dormammu • Dorrek VII • Dragon Man • Dredmund the Druid • Eel • Egghead • Ego the Living Planet • Electro • Elektro • Emissaries of Evil • Enchantress • Enclave • Enforcers (Fancy Dan • Montana • Ox) • Executioner • Fafnir • Femizons • Fenris Wolf • Fin Fang Foom • Fixer • Richard Fisk • Freak • Frightful Four • Funky Flashman • Galactus • Galaxy Master • Gibbon • Gladiator • Googam • Gorgilla • Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) • Grey Gargoyle • Grizzly • Growing Man • Hate-Monger • Hela • High Evolutionary • Hippolyta • Human Cannonball • HYDRA • Immortus • Impossible Man • Jackal • Jester • Erik Josten • Juggernaut • Kaecilius • Kala • Kaluu • Kangaroo • Kang the Conqueror • Karnilla • Kingpin • Klaw • Krang • Kraven the Hunter • Laufey • Leader • Leap-Frog • Living Brain • Living Laser • Lizard • Loki • Looter • Lucifer • Machinesmith • Madame Masque • Mad Thinker • Maggia • Magneto • Man-Beast • Mandarin • Mangog • Man Mountain Marko • Masked Marauder • Master Khan • Mastermind • Masters of Evil • Matador • Maximus • Melter • Mentallo • Mephisto • Merlin • Metal Master • Midgard Serpent • Mimic • Mindless Ones • Mister Fear • Mister Hyde • Miracle Man • MODOK • Molecule Man • Mole Man • Molten Man • Monsteroso • Mordred • Morgan le Fay • Morrat • Mother Night • Mysterio • Nightmare • Overmind • Owl • Painter • Plantman • Plunderer • Pluto • Porcupine • Princess Python • Prowler • Psycho-Man • Purple Man • Puppet Master • Radioactive Man • Ravonna • Rattler • Red Barbarian • Red Ghost • Rhino • Ringmaster • Ronan the Accuser • Sandman • Scarecrow • Scorpion • Secret Empire • Sentinel (Master Mold • Bolivar Trask) • Sentry • Shocker • Silvermane • Sinister Six • Sleeper • Sons of the Serpent • Space Phantom • Spencer Smythe • Spider-Slayer • Spymaster • Farley Stillwell • Stranger • Mendel Stromm • Strongman • Super-Adaptoid • Super-Skrull • Surtur • Swordsman • Glenn Talbot • Thunderbolt Ross • Tiboro • Tinkerer • Titanium Man • Toad • Yuri Topolov • Trapster • Tricephalous • Tumbler • Tyrannus • Ulik • Ultimo • Unicorn • Unus the Untouchable • Vanisher • Vulture • Whiplash • Whirlwind • Wizard • Wong-Chu • Wrecker • Yon-Rogg • Ymir • Zarrko
Supporting Liz Allan • Ancient One • Artemis • Athena • Aunt May • Balder • Sally Avril • Betty Brant • Peggy Carter • Sharon Carter • Clea • Billy Connors • Martha Connors • Eternity • Vanessa Fisk • Jane Foster • Frigga • Goom • Agatha Harkness • Happy Hogan • Happy Sam Sawyer • Heimdall • Hera • H.E.R.B.I.E. • Hermes • J. Jonah Jameson • John Jameson • Edwin Jarvis • Rick Jones • Ned Leeds • Living Tribunal • Willie Lumpkin • Alicia Masters • Jack Murdock • Foggy Nelson • Neptune • Norns • Harry Osborn • Odin • Karen Page • Richard and Mary Parker • Pepper Potts • Redwing • Franklin Richards • Randy Robertson • Robbie Robertson • Betty Ross • Shalla-Bal • Sif • Jasper Sitwell • George Stacy • Gwen Stacy • Supreme Intelligence • Franklin Storm • T'Chaka • Teen Brigade • Flash Thompson • Tyr • Uatu • Uncle Ben • Anna Watson • Mary Jane Watson • Wong • Wyatt Wingfoot • Valkyrior • Vishanti • Volla • Warriors Three (Fandral • Hogun • Volstagg) • Yancy Street Gang • Ho Yinsen • Zabu • Zeus
Species Kree • Giants • Goblins • New Men • Olympians • Skrull • Trolls • Watchers
Jack Kirby
Marvel Comics 2001: A Space Odyssey • Adam Warlock • Amazing Adventures • Astonishing Tales • Avengers • Black Panther • Captain America • Devil Dinosaur • Doctor Druid • Eternals • Fantastic Four (Mister Fantastic • Invisible Woman • Human Torch • Thing) • Galactus • Hank Pym • Hercules • Hulk • Inhumans (Black Bolt • Medusa • Karnak • Triton • Crystal • Lockjaw • Maximus) • Iron Man • Jasper Sitwell • Journey into Mystery • Ka-Zar • Machine Man • Moon-Boy • Nick Fury • Peggy Carter • Sharon Carter • Silver Surfer • Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos (Dum Dum Dugan • Gabe Jones • Izzy Cohen • Junior Juniper • Rebel Ralston • Happy Sam Sawyer) • Tales of Suspense • Tales to Astonish • Thor • Uatu • Wasp • X-Men (Professor X • Cyclops • Marvel Girl • Beast • Angel • Iceman) • Zabu
DC Comics Atlas • Boy Commandos • Challengers of the Unknown • The Demon • Dingbats of Danger Street • Dubbilex • Forever People • Fourth World • Guardian • Kamandi • Kobra • Manhunter • Mister Miracle • Newsboy Legion • New Gods • OMAC • Project Cadmus • Sandman (Garrett Sanford) • Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen • Super Powers • Jed Walker
Other Black Magic • Boys' Ranch • Captain 3-D • Captain Victory and the Galactic Rangers • Destroyer Duck • The Double Life of Private Strong • Fighting American • The Fly • Jack Kirby's Galactic Bounty Hunters • The Kirbyverse • Secret City Saga • Silver Star • Sky Masters • Street Code • Young Love • Young Romance
Television work The Centurions • Goldie Gold and Action Jack • Mister T • Thundarr the Barbarian
Related articles Kirby Krackle • Stan Lee • Joe Simon • Mainline Publications • Kirby: Genesis • Kirby: King of Comics • Bibliography
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