Risus sardonicus
Risus sardonicus or rictus grin is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning.
The name of the condition, which has its roots in the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an open "grin" – which can appear sardonic or malevolent to the lay observer – displayed by those suffering from these muscle spasms.
Causes[]
It is most often observed as a sign of tetanus.[1] It can also be caused by poisoning with strychnine[2] or Wilson's disease.
In 2009 scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy wrote that they had identified hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) as the plant historically responsible for producing the sardonic grin.[3][4] This plant is the most likely candidate for the "sardonic herb", which was a neurotoxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman, Nuragic Sardinia.
See also[]
- Trismus
- Mr. Sardonicus
- Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus, a 1970 music album by Spirit
References[]
- ↑ "Tetanus". World Health Organization.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Bryson, Peter D. (1996). Comprehensive Reviews in Toxicology: For Emergency Clinicians. CRC Press. p. 791. ISBN 978-1560326120. https://books.google.com/books?id=f7009NkJv70C&pg=PA791.
- ↑ News Scan Briefs: Killer Smile, Scientific American, August 2009
- ↑ G. Appendino; F. Pollastro; L. Verotta; M. Ballero; A. Romano; P. Wyrembek; K. Szczuraszek; J. W. Mozrzymas et al. (2009). "Polyacetylenes from Sardinian Oenanthe fistulosa: A Molecular Clue to risus sardonicus". Journal of Natural Products 72 (5): 962–965. doi:10.1021/np8007717. PMC 2685611. PMID 19245244. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2685611.