Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki
Register
Advertisement

New York
City
<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>
Flag of New York
Flag
Official seal of New York
Seal
Official logo of New York
Wordmark
Nickname(s): 
The Big Apple, The City That Never Sleeps, Gotham,[1] and others
Lua error in Module:Mapframe at line 562: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
RegionMid-Atlantic
Constituent counties (boroughs)Bronx (The Bronx)
Kings (Brooklyn)
New York (Manhattan)
Queens (Queens)
Richmond (Staten Island)
Historic coloniesNew Netherland
Province of New York
Settled1624
Consolidated1898
Named forJames, Duke of York
Government
 • TypeStrong mayor–council
 • BodyNew York City Council
 • MayorEric Adams (D)
Area
 • Total472.43 sq mi (1,223.59 km2)
 • Land300.46 sq mi (778.18 km2)
 • Water171.97 sq mi (445.41 km2)
Elevation33 ft (10 m)
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • Total8,804,190
 • Estimate 
(July 2021)[5]
8,467,513
 • Rank1st in the United States
1st in New York State
 • Density29,302.66/sq mi (11,313.81/km2)
 • Urban19,426,449
 • Urban density5,980.8/sq mi (2,309.2/km2)
 • Metro20,140,470
Demonym(s)New Yorker
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
100xx–104xx, 11004–05, 111xx–114xx, 116xx
Area code(s)212/646/332, 718/347/929, 917
FIPS code36-51000
GNIS feature ID975772
GDP (City, 2021)$886 billion[8] (1st)
GMP (Metro, 2021)$2.0 trillion[9] (1st)
Largest borough by areaQueens (109 sq mi or 280 km2)
Largest borough by populationBrooklyn (2020 Census 2,736,074)
Largest borough by GDP (2021)Manhattan ($651.6 billion)[8]
Websitenyc.gov

<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>

New York, often called New York City[lower-alpha 1] or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States and more than twice as populous as Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest city. New York City is located at the southern tip of New York State. It constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the U.S. by both population and urban area. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city.[11] New York City is a global cultural, financial, entertainment, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences,[12] research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy,[13][14] and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.[15][16]

Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors and extending into the Atlantic Ocean, New York City comprises five boroughs, each of which is coextensive with a respective county of the state of New York. The five boroughs, which were created in 1898 when local governments were consolidated into a single municipal entity, are: Brooklyn (in Kings County), Queens (in Queens County), Manhattan (in New York County), The Bronx (in Bronx County), and Staten Island (in Richmond County).[17]

As of 2021 , the New York metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan economy in the world with a gross metropolitan product of over $2.4 trillion. If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state, it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world. New York City is an established safe haven for global investors.[18] New York is home to the highest number of billionaires,[19][20] individuals of ultra-high net worth (greater than US$30 million),[21] and millionaires[22] of any city in the world.

The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York,[23] making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the U.S., the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016.[24]

New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624. The settlement was named New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) in 1626 and was chartered as a city in 1653. The city came under British control in 1664 and was renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[25][26] The city was regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange for one year and three months; the city has been continuously named New York since November 1674. New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790,[27] and has been the largest U.S. city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the U.S. by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is a symbol of the U.S. and its ideals of liberty and peace.[28] In the 21st century, New York City has emerged as a global node of creativity, entrepreneurship,[29] and as a symbol of freedom and cultural diversity.[30] The New York Times has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and remains the U.S. media's "newspaper of record".[31] In 2019, New York City was voted the greatest city in the world in a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, citing its cultural diversity.[32]

Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013.[33] A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019. Times Square is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District,[34] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections[33] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.[35] Many of the city's landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world, and the city's fast pace led to the phrase New York minute. The Empire State Building is a global standard of reference to describe the height and length of other structures.[36]

Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world.[37][38] Providing continuous 24/7 service and contributing to the nickname The City That Never Sleeps, the New York City Subway is the largest single-operator rapid transit system in the world with 472 passenger rail stations, and Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan is the busiest transportation hub in the Western Hemisphere.[39] The city has over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, an Ivy League university routinely ranked among the world's top universities,[40] New York University, and the City University of New York system, the largest urban public university system in the nation. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world's leading financial and fintech center[41] and the most economically powerful city in the world,[42] and is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.[43][44]

The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, part of the Stonewall National Monument, is considered the historic epicenter of LGBTQ+ culture[45] and the birthplace of the modern gay rights movement.[46][47] New York City is the headquarters of the global art market, with numerous art galleries and auction houses collectively hosting half of the world's art auctions, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art is both the largest art museum and the most visited museum in the United States.[48] Governors Island in New York Harbor is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center as a leader in the climate crisis.[49]

Etymology[]

In 1664, New York was named in honor of the Duke of York, who would become King James II of England.[50] James's elder brother, King Charles II, appointed the Duke as proprietor of the former territory of New Netherland, including the city of New Amsterdam, when England seized it from Dutch control.[51]

History[]

Early history[]

In the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape. Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included the present-day areas of Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including the areas that would later become the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley.[52]

The first documented visit into New York Harbor by a European was in 1524 by Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano, an explorer from Florence in the service of the French crown.[53] He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême (New Angoulême).[54] A Spanish expedition, led by the Portuguese captain Estêvão Gomes sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Río de San Antonio ('Saint Anthony's River'). The Padrón Real of 1527, the first scientific map to show the East Coast of North America continuously, was informed by Gomes' expedition and labeled the northeastern United States as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.[55]

In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company.[56] He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River (now the Hudson River), named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Hudson's first mate described the harbor as "a very good Harbour for all windes" and the river as "a mile broad" and "full of fish".[57] Hudson sailed roughly 150 miles (240 km) north,[58] past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue.[57] He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay was claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland ('New Netherland').

The first non–Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to the Dutch language as Jan Rodrigues), a merchant from Santo Domingo. Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.[59][60]

Dutch rule[]

File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg

An illustration of New Amsterdam located in present-day Lower Manhattan in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York

A permanent European presence near New York Harbor was established in 1624, making New York the 12th-oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States[61]—with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam, later called Nieuw Amsterdam (New Amsterdam), on present-day Manhattan Island.[62][63] The colony of New Amsterdam was centered on what would ultimately be known as Lower Manhattan. Its area extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern day Wall Street, where a 12-foot wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and British raids.[64] In 1626, the Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit, acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small Lenape band,[65] for "the value of 60 guilders"[66] (about $900 in 2018).[67] A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.[68][69]

Following the purchase, New Amsterdam grew slowly.[26] To attract settlers, the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628, whereby wealthy Dutchmen (patroons, or patrons) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swaths of land, along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade. This program had little success.[70]

Since 1621, the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland, on authority granted by the Dutch States General. In 1639–1640, in an effort to bolster economic growth, the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade, leading to growth in the production and trade of food, timber, tobacco, and slaves (particularly with the Dutch West Indies).[26][71]

In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director-General of New Netherland. During his tenure, the population of New Netherland grew from 2,000 to 8,000.[72][73] Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony; however, he also earned a reputation as a despotic leader. He instituted regulations on liquor sales, attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church, and blocked other religious groups (including Quakers, Jews, and Lutherans) from establishing houses of worship.[74] The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam.[75]

English rule[]

File:A view of Fort George with the city of New York, from the SW.jpg

An illustration of Fort George and the City of New York c. 1731. Royal Navy ships of the line are seen guarding what would become New York Harbor.

In 1664, unable to summon any significant resistance, Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops, led by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.[74][75] The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom.[76] In 1667, during negotiations leading to the Treaty of Breda after the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of what is now Suriname (on the northern South American coast) they had gained from the English; and in return, the English kept New Amsterdam. The fledgling settlement was promptly renamed "New York" after the Duke of York (the future King James II and VII), who would eventually be deposed in the Glorious Revolution.[77] After the founding, the duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley. Fort Orange, 150 miles (240 km) north on the Hudson River, was renamed Albany after James's Scottish title.[78] The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda, which concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch War.[79]

On August 24, 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from the English at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it "New Orange" after William III, the Prince of Orange.[80] The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674.[81][82]

Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizeable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.[83] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.[84] New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century, losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone.[85][86]

Province of New York and slavery[]

File:Columbia1790.jpg

An illustration of Columbia University, an Ivy League university today considered one of the world's top academic institutions, was founded by royal charter in 1754 under the name King's College.

In the early 18th century, New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York.[87] It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households enslaving Africans by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina.[88] Most cases were that of domestic slavery, as a New York household then commonly enslaved few or several people. Others were hired out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banking and shipping industries trading with the American South. During construction in Foley Square in the 1990s, the African Burying Ground was discovered; the cemetery included 10,000 to 20,000 of graves of colonial-era Africans, some enslaved and some free.[89]

The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger, who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby, helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America.[90] In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[91]

American Revolution[]

File:BattleofLongisland.jpg

An illustration of the Battle of Long Island, one of the largest battles of the American Revolutionary War, which took place in Brooklyn on August 27, 1776.

The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty organization emerged in the city and skirmished over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.[92] The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn.[93] After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia.[94] They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.

The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.[95]

In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. New York City as the U.S. capital hosted several events of national scope in 1789—the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time; and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.[96] In 1790, New York surpassed Philadelphia as the nation's largest city. At the end of that year, pursuant to the Residence Act, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia.[97][98]

19th century[]

File:Hippolyte Sebron - Rue De New-York En 1840.jpg

Broadway follows the Native American Wecquaesgeek Trail through Manhattan.[99]

File:5 boros of NYC in 1814.jpg

The five boroughs of New York City as they appeared in 1814: The Bronx was in Westchester County; Queens County included modern Nassau County; Kings County included six towns, one of which was Brooklyn; New York City is shown in southern New York County on Manhattan; and Richmond County is on Staten Island.

Over the course of the nineteenth century, New York City's population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.[100] Under New York State's abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties.[101][102] Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-Black population gradually developed in Manhattan. Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate Black children.[103] It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free Blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. New York city's population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 to 312,710 by 1840, 16,000 of whom were Black.[104][105]

In the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center, as well as by European immigration, respectively.[106] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.[107] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.[108]

Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants; more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city's population.[109] There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.[110]

Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.[103] Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865), which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 (equivalent to $6,602 in 2021) commutation fee to hire a substitute,[111] led to the Draft Riots of 1863, whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class.[103]

The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York's elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and Black people for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York Police Department, which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants.[110] At least 120 people were killed.[112] Eleven Black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of Blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and New Jersey. The Black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The White working class had established dominance.[110][112] Violence by longshoremen against Black men was especially fierce in the docks area.[110] It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[113]

In 1898, the City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.[114] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.[115] Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.[116]

20th century[]

File:Old timer structural worker2.jpg

A construction worker atop the Empire State Building during its construction in 1930. The Chrysler Building is visible behind him.

File:Mulberry Street NYC c1900 LOC 3g04637u edit.jpg

Manhattan's Little Italy in the Lower East Side, c. 1900

A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.

The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, was the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.[117][118][119]

In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.[120] In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.[121]

New York's non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.[122] New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America.[123] The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition.[124] The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline.

New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history.[125] The Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.[126]

Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban areas in New Jersey. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.[127]

The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.[128] They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement[117][129][130][131] and the modern fight for LGBT rights.[132][133] Wayne R. Dynes, author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, wrote that drag queens were the only "transgender folks around" during the June 1969 Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter.[134]

In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.[135] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.[136] By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy.[137]

21st century[]

File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg

United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the largest terrorist attack in world history

New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 census and then again in the 2010 census.

New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.[138] Two of the four airliners hijacked that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, destroying the towers and killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers. The North Tower became the tallest building ever to be destroyed anywhere then or subsequently.[139]

The area was rebuilt with a new One World Trade Center, a 9/11 memorial and museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure.[140] The World Trade Center PATH station, which had opened on July 19, 1909, as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attacks. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. An 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m2) permanent rail station designed by Santiago Calatrava, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, the city's third-largest hub, was completed in 2016.[141] The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere[142] and the seventh-tallest building in the world by pinnacle height, with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet (541.3 m) in reference to the year of U.S. independence.[143][144][145][146]

The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[147]

New York City was heavily affected by Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012. Sandy's impacts included the flooding of the New York City Subway system, of many suburban communities, and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel. The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days. Numerous homes and businesses were destroyed by fire, including over 100 homes in Breezy Point, Queens. Large parts of the city and surrounding areas lost electricity for several days. Several thousand people in Midtown Manhattan were evacuated for six days due to a crane collapse at Extell's One57. Bellevue Hospital Center and a few other large hospitals were closed and evacuated. Flooding at 140 West Street and another exchange disrupted voice and data communication in Lower Manhattan. At least 43 people lost their lives in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion. The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter climate change and rising seas.[148][149]

In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed in Manhattan.[150] The city rapidly replaced Wuhan, China to become the global epicenter of the pandemic during the early phase, before the infection became widespread across the world and the rest of the nation. As of March 2021, New York City had recorded over 30,000 deaths from COVID-19-related complications. In 2022, the LGBT community in New York City became the epicenter of the monkeypox outbreak in the Western Hemisphere, prompting New York Governor Kathy Hochul and New York City Mayor Eric Adams declared corresponding public health emergencies in the state and city, respectively, in July 2022.[151]

Geography[]

File:Core of New York City by Sentinel-2.jpg

Aerial view of the New York City metropolitan area with Manhattan at its center

During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 2,000 feet (610 m) in depth.[152] The erosive forward movement of the ice (and its subsequent retreat) contributed to the separation of what is now Long Island and Staten Island. That action also left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth, providing a solid foundation for most of Manhattan's skyscrapers.[153]

New York City is situated in the northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston. The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port. Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.

The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary.[154] The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely freshwater river in the city.[155]

The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.[156] Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out, especially in Manhattan.[157]

The city's total area is 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km2); 302.643 sq mi (783.84 km2) of the city is land and 165.841 sq mi (429.53 km2) of this is water.[158][159] The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the eastern seaboard south of Maine.[160] The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.[161]

Boroughs[]

File:5 Boroughs Labels New York City Map.svg

  1. Manhattan
  2. Brooklyn
  3. Queens
  4. The Bronx
  5. Staten Island

New York's five boroughs overview
Jurisdiction Population Land area
Borough County 1 July 2012
Estimates
square
miles
square
km
Manhattan New York 1,619,090 23 59
The Bronx Bronx 1,408,473 42 109
Brooklyn Kings 2,565,635 71 183
Queens Queens 2,272,771 109 283
Staten Island Richmond 470,728 58 151
City of New York
8,336,697 303 786
19,570,261 47,214 122,284
Source: United States Census Bureau[162][163][164]

New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs.[165] Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of New York State, making New York City one of the U.S. municipalities in multiple counties. There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs, many with a definable history and character.

If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States (Staten Island would be ranked 37th as of 2020); these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States: New York (Manhattan), Kings (Brooklyn), Bronx, and Queens.

Manhattan[]

File:New York, New York, August 24, 2017.jpg

Lower and Midtown Manhattan photographed by a SkySat satellite in 2017

Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough. It is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers, and is sometimes locally known as The City.[166] Manhattan's population density of 72,033 people per square mile (27,812/km2) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.[167]

Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. The borough of Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world.[168][169]

Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River and the East River, and its southern tip, at the confluence of the two rivers, represents the birthplace of New York City itself. Several small islands also compose part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randalls and Wards Islands, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor.

Manhattan Island is loosely divided into the Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem, bordering the Bronx (Bronx County).

Harlem was predominantly occupied by Jewish and Italian Americans in the 19th century until the Great Migration. It was the center of the Harlem Renaissance.

The borough of Manhattan also includes a small neighborhood on the mainland, called Marble Hill, which is contiguous with the Bronx. New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the Outer Boroughs.

Ten mile (16km) Manhattan skyline panorama from 120th Street to the Battery, taken in February 2018 from across the Hudson River in Weehawken, New Jersey
  1. Riverside Church
  2. Deutsche Bank Center
  3. 220 Central Park South
  4. Central Park Tower
  5. One57
  6. 432 Park Avenue
  7. 53W53
  8. Chrysler Building
  9. Bank of America Tower
  10. 4 Times Square
  11. The New York Times Building
  12. Empire State Building
  13. Manhattan West
  14. a: 55 Hudson Yards, 14b: 35 Hudson Yards, 14c: 10 Hudson Yards, 14d: 15 Hudson Yards
  15. 56 Leonard Street
  16. 8 Spruce Street
  17. Woolworth Building
  18. 70 Pine Street
  19. Four Seasons Downtown
  20. 40 Wall Street
  21. 3 World Trade Center
  22. 4 World Trade Center
  23. One World Trade Center

Brooklyn[]

Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the Outer Boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the U.S.[170] Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn.[171] Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,[172][173] and of postmodern art and design.[173][174]

Downtown Brooklyn skyline from Governors Island in September 2016

Queens[]

Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,[175] and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[176][177] Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence. Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs. Queens is the site of the Citi Field baseball stadium, home of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are in Queens. The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.

The Bronx[]

The Bronx (Bronx County) is both New York City's northernmost borough, and the only one that is mostly on the mainland. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball park of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively-owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.[178] It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,[179] which spans 265 acres (1.07 km2) and houses more than 6,000 animals.[180] The Bronx is also the birthplace of hip hop music and its associated culture.[181] Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[182]

Staten Island[]

Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry, a daily commuter ferry that provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[183] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.

Architecture[]

<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>

The Empire State Building has setbacks, Art Deco details, and a spire. It was the world's tallest building from 1931 to 1970.
The Chrysler Building, built in 1930, is in the Art Deco style, with ornamental hubcaps and a spire.
Greenpoint Houses
Landmark 19th-century rowhouses, including brownstones, on tree-lined Kent Street in the Greenpoint Historic District, Brooklyn.
Modernist and Gothic Revival architecture in Midtown Manhattan

New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the Dutch Colonial Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost.[185]

Manhattan's skyline, with its many skyscrapers, is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2019 , New York City had 6,455 high-rise buildings, the third most in the world after Hong Kong and Seoul.[186] Of these, as of 2011 , 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet (100 m) high, with more than fifty completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building, an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design, built with massively scaled Gothic detailing; completed in 1913, for 17 years it was the world's tallest building.[187]

The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.[188] The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style.[189] A highly influential example of the International Style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers[190] and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design.

The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.[191] In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale (in the Bronx), Ditmas Park (in Brooklyn), and Douglaston (in Queens), large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.[192][193][194]

Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.[195] A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the roof-mounted wooden water tower. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes.[196] Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.[197]

According to the United States Geological Survey, an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a "slightly lower hazard for tall buildings" in New York City than previously assessed. Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city, which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city.[198] Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet of office space as of 2022; the COVID-19 pandemic and hybrid work model have prompted consideration of commercial-to-residential conversion within Midtown Manhattan.[199]

Climate[]

New York City
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
3.6
 
 
40
28
 
 
3.2
 
 
42
30
 
 
4.3
 
 
50
36
 
 
4.1
 
 
62
46
 
 
4
 
 
71
55
 
 
4.5
 
 
80
64
 
 
4.6
 
 
85
70
 
 
4.6
 
 
83
69
 
 
4.3
 
 
76
62
 
 
4.4
 
 
65
51
 
 
3.6
 
 
54
42
 
 
4.4
 
 
44
34
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
File:Photo 10--Central Park in winter.jpg

Central Park in Winter, an illustration in Munsey's Magazine, February 1900

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates (Dfa).[200][201] By the Trewartha classification, the city is defined as having an oceanic climate (Do).[202][203] Annually, the city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine.[204] The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[205]

Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 33.3 °F (0.7 °C).[206] Temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter,[207] yet can also reach 60 °F (16 °C) for several days even in the coldest winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from cool to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 77.5 °F (25.3 °C) in July.[206]

Nighttime temperatures are often enhanced due to the urban heat island effect. Daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C), although this is a rare achievement, last occurring on July 18, 2012.[208] Similarly, readings of 0 °F (−18 °C) are also extremely rare, last occurring on February 14, 2016.[209] Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936;[206] the coldest recorded wind chill was −37 °F (−38 °C) on the same day as the all-time record low.[210] The record cold daily maximum was 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum was 87 °F (31 °C), on July 2, 1903.[208] The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 °F (4.3 °C) in February to 74.1 °F (23.4 °C) in August.[211]

The city receives 49.5 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall between 1991 and 2020 has been 29.8 inches (76 cm); this varies considerably between years. Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area.[212] Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29, 2012, flooding numerous streets, tunnels, and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs.[213] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[148][149]

The coldest month on record is January 1857, with a mean temperature of 19.6 °F (−6.9 °C) whereas the warmest months on record are July 1825 and July 1999, both with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).[214] The warmest years on record are 2012 and 2020, both with mean temperatures of 57.1 °F (13.9 °C). The coldest year is 1836, with a mean temperature of 47.3 °F (8.5 °C).[214][215] The driest month on record is June 1949, with 0.02 inches (0.51 mm) of rainfall. The wettest month was August 2011, with 18.95 inches (481 mm) of rainfall. The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall. The wettest year was 1983, with 80.56 inches (2,046 mm) of rainfall.[216] The snowiest month on record is February 2010, with 36.9 inches (94 cm) of snowfall. The snowiest season (Jul–Jun) on record is 1995–1996, with 75.6 inches (192 cm) of snowfall. The least snowy season was 1972–1973, with 2.3 inches (5.8 cm) of snowfall.[217] The earliest seasonal trace of snowfall occurred on October 10, in both 1979 and 1925. The latest seasonal trace of snowfall occurred on May 9, in both 2020 and 1977.[218] Template:New York City weatherbox Template:Graph:Weather monthly history

Parks[]

File:New York World's Fair August 1964.jpeg

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was used in both the 1939 and 1964 New York World's Fair

The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, the Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth-best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities.[219] ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents. In 2021, the New York City Council banned the use of synthetic pesticides by city agencies and instead required organic lawn management. The effort was started by teacher Paula Rogovin's kindergarten class at P.S. 290.[220]

National parks[]

File:Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg

The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor is a global symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[28]

Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (110 km2), most of it in New York City.[221] In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay and the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, it includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park, with beaches, trails, and a marina.

The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Stonewall National Monument; Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial (Grant's Tomb); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark.

State parks[]

There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City. Some of them include:

  • The Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve is a natural area that includes extensive riding trails.
  • Riverbank State Park is a 28-acre (11 ha) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.[222]
  • Marsha P. Johnson State Park is a state park in Brooklyn and Manhattan that borders the East River that was renamed in honor of Marsha P. Johnson.[223]

City parks[]

File:Central Park - The Pond (48377220157).jpg

The Pond and Midtown Manhattan as seen from Gapstow Bridge in Central Park, one of the world's most visited tourist attractions, in July 2019

New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[224] The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[182][225]

  • Central Park, an 843-acre (3.41 km2)[182] park in middle-upper Manhattan, is the most visited urban park in the United States and one of the most filmed locations in the world, with 40 million visitors in 2013.[226] The park has a wide range of attractions; there are several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, and the 106-acre (0.43 km2) Jackie Onassis Reservoir.[227] Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center, the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater, and the historic Carousel. On October 23, 2012, hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy, the largest ever monetary donation to New York City's park system.[228]
  • Washington Square Park is a prominent landmark in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. The Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park is an iconic symbol of both New York University and Greenwich Village.
  • Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, a lake, and extensive woodlands. Within the park is the historic Battle Pass, prominent in the Battle of Long Island.[229]
  • Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, with its 897 acres (363 ha) making it the city's fourth largest park,[230] was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and the 1964 World's Fair[231] and is host to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and the annual U.S. Open Tennis Championships tournament.[232]
  • Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is dedicated to open space and parks, including Pelham Bay Park, Van Cortlandt Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.[233]
  • In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution which was conducted in September 1775, attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown.[234] The historic Burial Ridge, the largest Native American burial ground within New York City, is within the park.[235]

Military installations[]

Brooklyn is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within New York City,[236] aside from Coast Guard operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery used during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts.[237] Today, Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still used for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.

Demographics[]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
16984,937—    
17125,840+18.3%
17237,248+24.1%
173710,664+47.1%
174611,717+9.9%
175613,046+11.3%
177121,863+67.6%
179049,401+126.0%
180079,216+60.4%
1810119,734+51.1%
1820152,056+27.0%
1830242,278+59.3%
1840391,114+61.4%
1850696,115+78.0%
18601,174,779+68.8%
18701,478,103+25.8%
18801,911,698+29.3%
18902,507,414+31.2%
19003,437,202+37.1%
19104,766,883+38.7%
19205,620,048+17.9%
19306,930,446+23.3%
19407,454,995+7.6%
19507,891,957+5.9%
19607,781,984−1.4%
19707,894,862+1.5%
19807,071,639−10.4%
19907,322,564+3.5%
20008,008,278+9.4%
20108,175,133+2.1%
20208,804,190+7.7%
Note: Census figures (1790–2010) cover the present area of all five boroughs, before and after the 1898 consolidation. For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see Manhattan#Demographics.[238]
Source: U.S. Decennial Census;[239]
1698–1771[240] 1790–1890[238][241]
1900–1990[242] 2000–2010[243][244][245]
2010–2020[246]

New York City is the most populous city in the United States,[250] with 8,804,190 residents[246] incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States census.[251][252] More than twice as many people live in New York City as compared to Los Angeles, the second-most populous U.S. city;[250] and New York has more than three times the population of Chicago, the third-most populous U.S. city. New York City gained more residents between 2010 and 2020 (629,000) than any other U.S. city, and a greater amount than the total sum of the gains over the same decade of the next four largest U.S. cities, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Phoenix, Arizona combined.[253][254] New York City's population is about 44% of New York State's population,[255] and about 39% of the population of the New York metropolitan area.[256] The majority of New York City residents in 2020 (5,141,538, or 58.4%) were living on Long Island, in Brooklyn, or in Queens.[257] The New York City metropolitan statistical area, has the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami.[258]

Population density[]

File:Broadway Crowds (5896264776) crop.jpg

Broadway in Midtown Manhattan

In 2020, the city had an estimated population density of 29,302.37 inhabitants per square mile (11,313.71/km2), rendering it the nation's most densely populated of all larger municipalities (those with more than 100,000 residents), with several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey having greater density, as per the 2010 census.[259] Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's 2017 population density of 72,918 inhabitants per square mile (28,154/km2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.[260][261][262] The next three densest counties in the United States, placing second through fourth, are also New York boroughs: Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Queens respectively.[263]

Race and ethnicity[]

File:Spanish Harlem Orchestra.jpg

The Spanish Harlem Orchestra. New York City is home to nearly three million Latino Americans, the largest Hispanic population of any city outside Latin America and Spain.

File:Mirziyoyevning Jahon bankida o'zbekistonliklar bilan uchrashuvi.jpg

Uzbekistan's president Shavkat Mirziyoyev with members of the Uzbek diaspora in New York City, home to more than half of all Uzbek Americans, most of whom have settled in Queens and Brooklyn

File:Harlem Street rehearsal (125th street).jpg

Band rehearsal on 125th Street in Harlem, the historic epicenter of African American culture. New York City is home by a significant margin to the world's largest Black population of any city outside Africa, at over 2.2 million. African immigration to New York City is now driving the growth of the city's Black population.[264]

The city's population in 2020 was 30.9% White (non-Hispanic), 28.7% Hispanic or Latino, 20.2% Black or African American (non-Hispanic), 15.6% Asian, and 0.2% Native American (non-Hispanic).[265] A total of 3.4% of the non-Hispanic population identified with more than one race. Throughout its history, New York has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States. More than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.[266] The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.[267] In 1940, Whites represented 92% of the city's population.[249]

Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born, and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants as of 2013.[268][269] In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates.[268] The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011

were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago,[270] while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011.[24][271]

Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[272] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[273] The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.[274][177]

<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>

The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State. Multiple satellites of the original Manhattan's Chinatown—home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[275] as well as in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves—while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County[276] on Long Island,[277] as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas,[258][278][279][280][281][282] with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia,[24][283] including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015.[284]

In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island.[285] A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens.[286] Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[287] Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos and Malaysians,[288][258] and other Southeast Asians;[289] while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants.

New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic White population is larger than the non-Hispanic White populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined.[290] The non-Hispanic White population was 6.6 million in 1940.[291] The non-Hispanic White population has begun to increase since 2010.[292]

The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010.[293]

People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 and 14,000.[294] Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City,[295] with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population, enumerating over 30,000, and including more than half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States,[296] most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx,[297] while Astoria, Queens is the epicenter of American Greek culture as well as the Cypriot community.

New York is also home to the highest Jewish population of any city in the world, numbering 1.6 million in 2022, more than Tel Aviv and Jerusalem combined.[298] In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated 1 in 4 residents is Jewish.[299] The city's Jewish communities are derived from many diverse sects, predominantly from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and including a rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish population, also the largest outside Israel.[286]

The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns;[244] the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,[278] Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American[278] and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million;[293] and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone.[300]

Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela are the top source countries from South America for immigrants to the New York City region; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.[301] Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . In 2022, New York City began receiving thousands of Latino immigrants bused from the state of Texas, mostly originating from Venezuela, Ecuador, Columbia, and Honduras.[302]

Since 2010, Little Australia has emerged and is growing rapidly, representing the Australasian presence in Nolita, Manhattan.[303][304][305][306] In 2011, there were an estimated 20,000 Australian residents of New York City, nearly quadruple the 5,537 in 2005.[307][308] Qantas Airways of Australia and Air New Zealand have been planning for long-haul flights from New York to Sydney and Auckland, which would both rank among the longest non-stop flights in the world.[309] A Little Sri Lanka has developed in the Tompkinsville neighborhood of Staten Island.[310] Le Petit Sénégal, or Little Senegal, is based in Harlem. Richmond Hill, Queens is often thought of as "Little Guyana" for its large Guyanese community,[311] as well as Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ), or Little Punjab, for its high concentration of Punjabi people. Little Poland is expanding rapidly in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.

Sexual orientation and gender identity[]

<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>

Philippine-born Geena Rocero introducing International Transgender Day of Visibility
Caribbean NYC-LGBTQ Equality Project
The NYC Dyke March, the world's largest celebration of lesbian pride and culture[312]
NYC Pride March in Manhattan, the world's largest[32][313]
The Multicultural Festival at the 2018 Queens Pride Parade

New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world, and is home to one of the world's largest LGBTQ populations and the most prominent.[45] The New York metropolitan area is home to about 570,000 self-identifying gay and bisexual people, the largest in the United States.[314][315] Same-sex sexual activity between consenting adults has been legal in New York since the New York v. Onofre case in 1980 which invalidated the state's sodomy law.[316] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place on July 23, 2011.[317] Brian Silverman, the author of Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day, wrote the city has "one of the world's largest, loudest, and most powerful LGBT communities", and "Gay and lesbian culture is as much a part of New York's basic identity as yellow cabs, high-rise buildings, and Broadway theatre".[318] LGBT travel guide Queer in the World states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs".[319] LGBT advocate and entertainer Madonna stated metaphorically, "Anyways, not only is New York City the best place in the world because of the queer people here. Let me tell you something, if you can make it here, then you must be queer."[320]

The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) proceeds southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade is the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[321][32] The annual Queens Pride Parade is held in Jackson Heights and is accompanied by the ensuing Multicultural Parade.[322]

Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, produced by Heritage of Pride and enhanced through a partnership with the I NY program's LGBT division, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.[323] New York City is also home to the largest transgender population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.[322][134] Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[324][325]

Religion[]

Religious affiliation (2014)[326][327]
Christian
59%
Catholic
33%
Protestant
23%
Other Christian
3%
Unaffiliated
24%
Jewish
8%
Muslim
4%
Hindu
2%
Buddhist
1%
Other faiths
1%

Christianity[]

File:StPatCathExt1.jpg

The landmark Neo-Gothic Roman Catholic St. Patrick's Cathedral in Midtown Manhattan

Largely as a result of Western European missionary work and colonialism, Christianity is the largest religion (59% adherent) in New York City,[326] which is home to the highest number of churches of any city in the world.[15] Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by Protestantism (23%), and other Christian denominations (3%). The Roman Catholic population are primarily served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Diocese of Brooklyn. Eastern Catholics are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. Evangelical Protestantism is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by Mainline Protestantism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.[327] In Evangelicalism, Baptists are the largest group; in Mainline Protestantism, Reformed Protestants compose the largest subset. The majority of historically African American churches are affiliated with the National Baptist Convention (USA) and Progressive National Baptist Convention. The Church of God in Christ is one of the largest predominantly Black Pentecostal denominations in the area. Approximately 1% of the population is Mormon. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America and other Orthodox Christians (mainstream and independent) were the largest Eastern Christian groups. The American Orthodox Catholic Church (initially led by Aftimios Ofiesh) was founded in New York City in 1927.

Judaism[]

File:Jueus ultraortodoxes satmar a brooklyn.jpg

Haredi Jewish residents in Brooklyn, nicknamed "the most Jewish spot on Earth",[328] and home to the world's largest Jewish community, which with over 600,000 adherents living in the borough, greater than both Tel Aviv and Jerusalem[329]

Judaism, the second-largest religion practiced in New York City, with approximately 1.6 million adherents as of 2022, represents the largest Jewish community of any city in the world, greater than the combined totals of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem.[330][331] Nearly half of the city's Jews live in Brooklyn, which is one-quarter Jewish.[329][328] The ethno-religious population makes up 18.4% of the city and its religious demographic makes up 8%.[332] The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[333] Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews", the 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of Jewish immigration to the United States.[334] In 2012, the largest Jewish denominations were Orthodox, Haredi, and Conservative Judaism.[335] Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area. 770 Eastern Parkway is the headquarters of the international Chabad Lubavitch movement, and is considered an icon, while Congregation Emanu-El of New York in Manhattan is the largest Reform synagogue in the world.

Islam[]

File:Islamic Cultural Center E96 jeh.JPG

The Islamic Cultural Center of New York in Upper Manhattan was the first mosque built in New York City.

Islam ranks as the third largest religion in New York City, following Christianity and Judaism, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers of Islam, including 10% of the city's public school children.[336] Given both the size and scale of the city, as well as its relative proxinity and accessibility by air transportation to the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia, 22.3% of American Muslims live in New York City, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater New York metropolitan area, representing the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Western Hemisphere[337]—and the most ethnically diverse Muslim population of any city in the world.[338] Powers Street Mosque in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the U.S., and represents the first Islamic organization in both the city and the state of New York.[339][340]

Hinduism and other religious affiliations[]

File:Exterior Hindu Temple.JPG

Ganesha Temple in Flushing, Queens is the oldest Hindu temple in the Western Hemisphere.

Following these three largest religious groups in New York City are Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and a variety of other religions. As of 2023, 24% of Greater New Yorkers identified with no organized religious affiliation, including 4% Atheist.[341]

Wealth and income disparity[]

New York City, like other large cities, has a high degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2017.[342] In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States.[343] In 2022, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg, with a total of 107.[19] New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents.[344] New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (about 3%) on its residents.[345][346][347] As of 2018, there were 78,676 homeless people in New York City.[348]

Economy[]

New York City is a global hub of business and commerce and an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.[349] The term global city was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.[350] New York is a center for worldwide banking and finance, health care and life sciences,[12] medical technology and research, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, both musical and prose theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is a major economic engine, handling a maritime cargo volume in the ten months through October 2022 of over 8.2 million TEUs, benefitting post-Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal, and accelerating ahead of California seaports in monthly cargo volumes.[351][352]

Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City,[353] as are a large number of multinational corporations. New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.[354][355] New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as Madison Avenue.[356] The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.[357] The non-profit Partnership for New York City, currently headed by Kathryn Wylde, is the city's pre-eminent private business association, comprising approximately 330 corporate leaders in membership. The fashion industry is based in Midtown Manhattan and is represented by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CDFA), headquartered in Lower Manhattan.

Significant economic sectors also include non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing declined over the 20th century but still accounts for significant employment. particularly in smaller operations. The city's apparel and garment industry, historically centered on the Garment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the manufacture of garments, accessories, and finished textiles, although efforts to revive the industry were underway,[358] and the American fashion industry continues to be metonymized as Seventh Avenue.[359]

Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to $234 million worth of exports each year.[360] Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, is headquartered in Manhattan,[361] and an unofficial chocolate district in Brooklyn is home to several chocolate makers and retailers.[362] Food processing is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.

Wall Street[]

File:Manhattan in the distance (Unsplash).jpg

The Financial District of Lower Manhattan including Wall Street, the world's principal financial center[41][363]

New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and is an important economic engine. Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies.

Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, at 11 Wall Street, and the Nasdaq, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[364][365] Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012,[366] while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually.[367] In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.[368]

New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.[369]:31–32[370] New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.[369]:34–35 New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.[371]

Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[372] making it the largest office market in the United States,[373] while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[372] is the largest central business district in the world.[374]

Tech and biotech[]

Silicon Alley, centered in New York, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the metropolitan region's high technology industries[375] involving the internet, new media, financial technology (fintech) and cryptocurrency, telecommunications, digital media, software development, biotechnology, game design, and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments.

Technology-driven startup companies and entrepreneurial employment are growing in New York City and the region. The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.[376] Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.[377]

The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[378][379] By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than $30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of $100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.[380]

Real estate[]

File:Time Warner Center May 2010.JPG

The Deutsche Bank Center as seen from Central Park West

Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year, with 89% of the increase coming from market effects.[381]

In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price.[382] Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) in 2017.[383] In 2019, the most expensive home sale ever in the United States achieved completion in Manhattan, at a selling price of $238 million, for a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park.[384] In 2022, one-bedroom apartments in Manhattan rented at a median monthly price of US$3,600.00, one of the world's highest. New York City real estate is a safe haven for global investors.[18]

Tourism[]

1 times square night 2013

Times Square is the hub of the Broadway theater district and a media center. It has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world, estimated at 50 million.[33]

File:I Love New York.svg

The I Love New York logo designed by Milton Glaser in 1977

Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, and NYC & Company represents the city's official bureau of tourism. New York has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, reflecting over 60 million visitors to the city per year, the world's busiest tourist destination.[15] Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City have been from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China. Multiple sources have called New York the most photographed city in the world.[385][386][387]

I Love New York (stylized I NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City,[388] and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development,[389] appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York.

The majority of the most high-profile tourist destinations to the city are situated in Manhattan. These include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations headquarters; the World Trade Center (including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum and One World Trade Center); the art museums along Museum Mile; green spaces such as Central Park, Washington Square Park, the High Line, and the medieval gardens of The Cloisters; the Stonewall Inn; Rockefeller Center; ethnic enclaves including the Manhattan Chinatown, Koreatown, Curry Hill, Harlem, Spanish Harlem, Little Italy, and Little Australia; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Brooklyn Bridge (shared with Brooklyn); the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day Parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at SummerStage.[390]

Points of interest have also developed in the city outside Manhattan and have made the outer boroughs tourist destinations in their own right. These include numerous ethnic enclaves; the Unisphere, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and Downtown Flushing in Queens; Downtown Brooklyn, Coney Island, Williamsburg, Park Slope, and Prospect Park in Brooklyn; the Bronx Zoo, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Grand Concourse in the Bronx; and the Staten Island Ferry shuttling passengers between Staten Island and the South Ferry Terminal bordering Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, at the historical birthplace of New York City.

Media and entertainment[]

File:Rockefeller Center 2 (New York) (44331718505).jpg

Rockefeller Center is one of Manhattan's media and entertainment hubs.

File:Times Square Studios - GMA (48105884053).jpg

Times Square Studios on Times Square is sometimes called the "Crossroads of the World".

New York City has been described as the entertainment[15][391][392] and digital media capital of the world.[393][394] The city is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.[395] As of 2019 , New York City was the second-largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals. The filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York, contributing nearly $9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015.[396] By volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.[397][398] The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York.[399] In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013,[400] with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013–2014 cycle.[401]

New York City is the center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America.[402] Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Warner Bros. Discovery, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corp, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, Fox Corporation, and Paramount Global. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.[403] Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere.

More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,[398] and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.[404] Two of the three national daily newspapers with the largest circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times (NYT). Nicknamed "the Grey Lady", the NYT has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and is considered the U.S. media's newspaper of record.[31] Tabloid newspapers in the city include the New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson,[405] and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.[406] At the local news end of the media spectrum, Patch Media is also headquartered in Manhattan.

New York City also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.[407] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[408] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice, historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture.[409] The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including CNN, MSNBC, MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. News 12 Networks operated News 12 The Bronx and News 12 Brooklyn. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States.

New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. NYC Media is the official public radio, television, and online media network and broadcasting service of New York City,[410] and this network has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[411] WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.[412]

Climate resiliency[]

As an oceanic port city, New York City is vulnerable to the long-term manifestations of global warming and rising seas. Climate change has spawned the development of a significant climate resiliency and environmental sustainability economy in the city. Governors Island is slated to host a US$1 billion research and education center intended to establish New York's role as the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[413]

Education[]

File:Butler Library - 1000px - AC.jpg

Butler Library at Columbia University, described as one of the most beautiful college libraries in the United States[414]

File:NYC - Washington Square Park - Arch.jpg

The Washington Square Arch, an unofficial icon of both New York University and its Greenwich Village neighborhood

New York City has the largest educational system of any city in the world.[15] The city's educational infrastructure spans primary education, secondary education, higher education, and research.

Primary and secondary education[]

The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools.[415] The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx.[416]

The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools.[417] There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.[418]

Higher education and research[]

More than a million students, the highest number of any city in the United States,[419] are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, with more than half a million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone as of 2020 , including both degree and professional programs.[420] According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any global city.[421]

The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 25 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system includes campuses in New York City, including SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Fashion Institute of Technology, SUNY Maritime College, and SUNY College of Optometry.

New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several of these universities are ranked among the top universities in the world,[422][423] while some of the world's most prestigious institutions like Princeton University and Yale University remain in the New York metropolitan area.

The city also hosts other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as Pace University, St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, Adelphi University - Manhattan, Mercy College (New York), The College of Mount Saint Vincent, Parsons School of Design, The New School, Pratt Institute, New York Film Academy, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, Marymount Manhattan College, and Wagner College.

Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. In 2019, the New York metropolitan area ranked first on the list of cities and metropolitan areas by share of published articles in life sciences.[424] New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, and in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.[425] There are 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions as of 2004 .[426]

Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, $144,000 as of 2017.[427]

Human resources[]

Public health[]

File:NewYorkPresbyterian-Cornell.jpg

New York-Presbyterian Hospital, affiliated with Columbia University and Cornell University, is the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world's busiest.[428]

The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and outpatient clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with As of 2021 , HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States with $10.9 billion in annual revenues,[429] HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.[430] HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969).[431] HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half a million New Yorkers.[432]

HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages.[433] The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City.[434] The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.[435] In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018.[436]

Public safety[]

Police and law enforcement[]

File:Ford NYPD.jpg

The New York Police Department (NYPD) is the largest police force in the United States.

File:My picture of NYPD officers.jpg

NYPD police officers in Brooklyn

The New York Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin, with more than 35,000 sworn officers.[437] Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.

Crime overall has trended downward in New York City since the 1990s.[438] In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program,[439][440][441] which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third-lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities,[442] having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.[443] Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.[444] By 2002, New York City was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000.[444] In 1992, the city recorded 2,245 murders.[445] In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,[446] and in 2009, the city recorded fewer than 461 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.[445] In 2017, 60.1% of violent crime suspects were Black, 29.6% Hispanic, 6.5% White, 3.6% Asian and 0.2% American Indian.[447] New York City experienced 292 homicides in 2017.[448]

Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic long-term decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD,[449] including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory.[450] Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes,[451] including from immigration.[452] Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s.[453] Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wet climate in the city.[454]

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points neighborhood in the 1820s, followed by the Tongs in the same neighborhood, which ultimately evolved into Chinatown, Manhattan. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades.[455] The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.[456][457]

Firefighting[]

File:FDNY Tower Ladder 1 (897367891).jpg

The Fire Department of New York (FDNY) is the largest municipal fire department in the United States.

The Fire Department of New York (FDNY) provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The FDNY is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and more than 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest.

The fire department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, the FDNY also responds to fires that occur in the New York City Subway.[458] Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges.

The FDNY is headquartered at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn,[459] and the FDNY Fire Academy is on the Randalls Island.[460] There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings.

Public library system[]

File:Facade of the New York Public Library Main Branch 2.jpg

The Stephen A. Schwarzman Headquarters Building of the New York Public Library at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street

The New York Public Library (NYPL), which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States.[461] Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library (QPL), the nation's second-largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) serves Brooklyn.[461]

In 2013, the New York Public Library and the Brooklyn Public Library announced that they would merge their technical services departments into a new department called BookOps. This proposed merger anticipated a savings of $2 million for the Brooklyn Public Library and $1.5 million for the New York Public Library. Although not currently part of the merger, it is expected that the Queens Public Library will eventually share some resources with the other city libraries.[462][463]

Culture and contemporary life[]

New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by Manhattan's Baruch College.[464] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[465] In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather."[466]

Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States.[467][468] The city became the center of stand-up comedy in the early 20th century, jazz[469] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip-hop in the 1970s.[470] The city's punk[471] and hardcore[472] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.

The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip-hop,[181] punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.[473][474] The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media.[475][476] New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor.[477]

Pace[]

File:Fast-Paced Streets of New York City.jpg

Midtown Manhattan in January 2020

One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,[478][479][480] which spawned the term New York minute.[481] Journalist Walt Whitman characterized New York's streets as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".[480]

Arts[]

New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries.[482] The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[482] Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which have become internationally renowned. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals.

Performing arts[]

File:Lincoln Center Twilight.jpg

Lincoln Center in Manhattan

File:Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met) - Central Park, NYC.jpg

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, part of Museum Mile, is one of the largest museums in the world.[483]

Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,[484] also sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way".[485][486][487] Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an 11.4% increase from $1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season. Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.[488] Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan.

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park.[489]

Visual arts[]

New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,[490] in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill.[491] Nine museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue, making it one of the densest displays of culture in the world.[492] Its art museums include the Guggenheim, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Neue Galerie New York, and The Africa Center, which opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.[493] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.[494][495]

Cuisine[]

File:Smorgasburg in Dumbo.jpg

Smorgasburg opened in 2011 as an open-air food market and is part of the Brooklyn Flea.[496]

New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami[497] and corned beef,[498] respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs[499] examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to Michelin.[500] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based upon their inspection results.[501] As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.[502] The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.[503]

Parades[]

<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>

The annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, the world's largest Halloween parade[505]
Apollo 11 ticker tape parade 2
The ticker-tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts on August 13, 1969
The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade, the largest outside the Philippines

New York City is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[504] beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;[506] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[504] Other notable parades including the annual New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the LGBT Pride March in June, the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.

Accent and dialect[]

The New York area is home to a distinctive regional accent and speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.[507]

The traditional New York area speech pattern is known for its rapid delivery, and its accent is characterized as non-rhotic so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."[508] There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American English. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" became a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).[508] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s television sitcom All in the Family was an example of this pattern of speech.

The classic version of the New York City dialect is generally centered on middle and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,[508] and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as it has been in the past.[508]

Sports[]

<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>

The New York Marathon, held annually in November, is the largest marathon in the world.[509]
The U.S. Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens.
Citi Field, also in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, has been home to the New York Mets since 2009.
Madison Square Garden in Midtown Manhattan is home to the New York Knicks, New York Rangers, and St. John's Red Storm.

New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[510] Major League Baseball,[511] the National Basketball Association,[512] the National Hockey League,[513] and Major League Soccer.[514] The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in the first four major North American professional sports leagues with nine, one more than Los Angeles, and has 11 top-level professional sports teams if Major League Soccer is included, also one more than Los Angeles. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues.

The city has played host to more than 40 major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are in the New York metropolitan area.[515] Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York was the first of eight American cities to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NHL, NFL and NBA), having done so following the Knicks' 1970 title. In 1972, it became the first city to win titles in five sports when the Cosmos won the NASL final.

Baseball[]

New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball".[516] There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989).

The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens,[517] and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. These teams compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,[518] while the Mets have won the World Series twice.[519] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,[520] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.[521] There is also one Minor League Baseball team in the city, the Mets-affiliated Brooklyn Cyclones,[522] and the city gained a club in the independent Atlantic League when the Staten Island FerryHawks began play in 2022.[523]

American Football[]

The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,[524] which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[525]

Hockey[]

The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, play in UBS Arena in Elmont, New York, and played in Brooklyn's Barclays Center from 2015 to 2020. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market.

Basketball[]

The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets (previously known as the New York Nets and New Jersey Nets as they moved around the metropolitan area) and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[526] The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA.

Soccer[]

In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium[527] and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.[528] NJ/NY Gotham FC also plays their home games in Red Bull Arena, representing the metropolitan area in the National Women's Soccer League. Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and most recently played in the third-division National Independent Soccer Association before going on hiatus in January 2021. New York was a host city for the 1994 FIFA World Cup[529] and will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[530]

Tennis[]

The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens.[531] The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon,[509] with 51,394 finishers in 2016[532] and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race.[509] The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.[533] The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club. The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale, Bronx at Gaelic Park, home to the New York GAA, the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level.

International events[]

In terms of hosting multi-sport events, New York City hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics and the 1998 Goodwill Games. New York City's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics was one of five finalists, but lost out to London.[534]

Environment[]

File:NYC Hybrid Taxi.JPG

As of 2012 , New York City had about 6,000 hybrid taxis in service, the largest number of any city in North America.[535]

Environmental issues in New York City are affected by the city's size, density, abundant public transportation infrastructure, and its location at the mouth of the Hudson River. For example, it is one of the country's biggest sources of pollution and has the lowest per-capita greenhouse gas emissions rate and electricity usage. Governors Island is planned to host a US$1 billion research and education center to make New York City the global leader in addressing the climate crisis.[536]

Environmental impact reduction[]

New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint.[537] Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.[538] New York City is the host of Climate Week NYC, the largest Climate Week to take place globally and regarded as major annual climate summit.

New York's high rate of public transit use, more than 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014 ,[539] and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.[540] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.[541] In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States,[542][543][544] and in 2018, Stacker ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city.[545] Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013.[546] New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.[547]

The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.[190] Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive "Green Buildings" plan.[537]

Water purity and availability[]

The New York City drinking water supply is extracted from the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[548] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification through water treatment plants.[549] The city's municipal water system is the largest in the United States, moving over one billion gallons of water per day;[550] a leak in the Delaware aqueduct results in some 20 million gallons a day being lost under the Hudson River.[551] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a $3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[552] The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history,[553] with segments serving Manhattan and the Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020.[554] In 2018, New York City announced a $1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply.[550]

Air quality[]

According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,[555] the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0 micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0 micrograms within the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5.[556] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership with Queens College, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.[557]

Environmental revitalization[]

Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities.[558] One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country,[559] containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system,[559] and other accumulation.

Government and politics[]

Government[]

File:New York City Hall exterior, October 2016.jpg

New York City Hall is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions.

File:New York County Courthouse - Angle Shot (48129112547).jpg

New York County Courthouse houses the New York Supreme Court and other governmental offices.

File:Eric Adams White House.jpg

Eric Adams, the current and 110th Mayor of New York City

New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a Strong mayor–council form of government[560] since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.

The mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.[561] Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a two consecutive-term limit,[562] which is reset after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.[563][564]

Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.

Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different U.S. district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and U.S. Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan.

Politics[]

The present mayor is Eric Adams. He was elected in 2021 with 67% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2022.

The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans.[565] New York City has not been carried by a Republican presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. A Republican candidate for statewide office has not won all five boroughs of the city since it was incorporated in 1898. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city. Thirteen out of 27 U.S. congressional districts in the state of New York include portions of New York City.[566]

New York is one of the most important sources of political fundraising in the United States. At least four of the top five ZIP Codes in the nation for political contributions were in Manhattan for the 2004, 2006, and 2008 elections. The top ZIP Code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry.[567] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return.[568]

Transportation[]

File:Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg

New York City is home to the two busiest train stations in the U.S., Grand Central Terminal and Penn Station

New York City's comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive.

File:R160 E enters 42nd Street.jpg

The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by number of stations.

Rapid transit[]

Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.[569][570]

Rail[]

The New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[571][572] London, Paris, Seoul,[573][574] and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015,[575] while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms.

Public transport is widely used in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[576] This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.[577] According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[578] New York is the only U.S. city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.[579] Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[580]

New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America.[569] The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[569] In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects 24 hours a day JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems.[581][582] For inter-city rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.[583]

The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago "L", the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).

Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, and the East Side Access project.[584]

Buses[]

File:Port-authority-terminal.jpg

Port Authority Bus Terminal, the world's busiest bus station, at Eighth Avenue and 42nd Street[585]

New York City's public bus fleet runs 24/7 and is the largest in North America.[586] The Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.[585]

Air[]

File:JFK Plane Queue.jpg

John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens, the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States with over 12 million inbound and outbound flights in 2021

New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016.[587] JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as of 2011 , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America.[588]

Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[589] Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities.[590] Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton–Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport.

Ferries[]

File:Spirit of America - Staten Island Ferry.jpg

The Staten Island Ferry shuttles commuters between Manhattan and Staten Island.

The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day.[591] Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area.

NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017, with second graders choosing the names of the ferries.[592] Meanwhile, Seastreak ferry announced construction of a 600-passenger high-speed luxury ferry in September 2016, to shuttle riders between the Jersey Shore and Manhattan, anticipated to start service in 2017; this would be the largest vessel in its class.[593]

Taxis, vehicles for hire, and trams[]

File:NYC Toyota Prius v.jpg

Yellow medallion taxicabs are a widely recognized icon of New York City.

Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass 13,587 yellow taxicabs;[594] other vehicle for hire companies;[595][596] and the Roosevelt Island Tramway, an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island.

Streets and highways[]

File:Storm at Manhattan.jpg

8th Avenue looking north (uptown). Most New York City streets and avenues in Manhattan's grid plan incorporate a one-way traffic configuration.

Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, including Broadway,[597] Wall Street,[598] Madison Avenue,[356] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.

New York City also has an extensive web of freeways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to North Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic congestion that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.[599][600] Congestion pricing in New York City will go into effect in 2022 at the earliest.[601][602][603]

New York City is also known for its rules regarding turning at red lights. Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.[604]

River crossings[]

File:George Washington Bridge from New Jersey-edit.jpg

The George Washington Bridge, connecting Upper Manhattan (background) from Fort Lee, New Jersey across the Hudson River, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[605][606]

New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors,[607] and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are primarily coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is on New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels.

The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,[605][606] connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.[608][609] The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of structural expressionism.[610][611]

Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and to New Jersey. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[612] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.[613][614] The Queens–Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.[615] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.[616] The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.

Cycling network[]

Cycling in New York City is associated with mixed cycling conditions that include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with stop-and-go traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; cycling clubs for recreational cyclists; and an increasing number of commuters.[617] Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2017 there were approximately 450,000 daily bike trips, compared with 170,000 daily bike trips in 2005.[618] As of 2017 , New York City had 1,333 miles (2,145 km) of bike lanes, compared to 513 miles (826 km) of bike lanes in 2006.[618] As of 2019, there are 126 miles (203 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.[619]

People[]

Global outreach[]

In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.[620] was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. Through this program, New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.[621]

See also[]

<templatestyles src="Module:Portal/styles.css"></templatestyles>

  • Outline of New York City

Notes[]

  1. to distinguish it from the State of New York

References[]

  1. Nigro, Carmen. "So, Why Do We Call It Gotham, Anyway?", New York Public Library, January 25, 2011. Accessed March 3, 2023. "It is here that we learn that the term Gotham is tied to the author Washington Irving, famous for his short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, and Rip Van Winkle. It's also here that we learn Irving was being less than flattering when he nicknamed the city in 1807."
  2. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. June 23, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Search for feature ID 975772.
  4. "QuickFacts: New York city, New York". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. "City and Town Population Totals". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 5, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  8. 8.0 8.1 "Gross Domestic Product by County, 2021" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  9. "U.S. metro areas—ranked by Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) 2021 | Statistic". Statista. Retrieved May 31, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  11. "Big Radius Tool: StatsAmerica". Indiana Business Research Center. Retrieved October 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. 12.0 12.1 "Governor Hochul, Mayor Adams Announce Plan for SPARC Kips Bay, First-of-Its-Kind Job and Education Hub for Health and Life Sciences Innovation". State of New York. October 13, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. "NYC Mayor's Office for International Affairs". The City of New York. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. "DDC New York". Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018. Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Edward Robb Ellis (December 21, 2004). The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. Basic Books. p. 593. ISBN 9780786714360. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx3RDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA594. Retrieved January 2, 2023. 
  16. Sam Roberts (September 14, 2017). "When the World Called for a Capital". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/nyregion/when-the-world-called-for-a-capital.html. 
  17. "A 5-Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History". The New York City Department of Correction. 1997. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. 18.0 18.1 Marc Da Silva (January 3, 2017). "International investors eye New York as safe haven". Angelsmedia. Retrieved January 30, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. 19.0 19.1 McEvoy, Jemima. "Where The Richest Live: The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2022", Forbes, April 5, 2022. Accessed January 30, 2023. "New York City has taken back its crown. With 107 billionaire residents, worth over $640 billion, The Big Apple is home to more three-comma club members than any other city on the planet."
  20. "2022 Billionaires: Cities With The Most Billionaires". Forbes. April 4, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. Celia Fernandez (March 14, 2023). "These are the top 10 cities where the 'super-rich' own homes — 6 are in the U.S." CNBC. Retrieved March 14, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. "The New York Art Market Report". Arts Economics. Retrieved January 29, 2023. New York is the global headquarters of the art market, with the highest market share by value of art sales in the world. It is also a center of high net worth wealth, has the largest population of millionaires and billionaires globally, as well as being the key financial hub of the US.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. Lubin, Gus (February 15, 2017). "Queens has more languages than anywhere in the world—here's where they're found". Business Insider. Retrieved December 29, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 "More Foreign-Born Immigrants Live in NYC Than There Are People in Chicago". HuffPost. December 19, 2013. https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html. 
  25. "History of New York City, New York". U-S-History.com. Retrieved September 9, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Dutch Colonies". National Park Service. Retrieved July 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  27. Fortenbaugh, Robert (1948). "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate. Retrieved September 7, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  28. 28.0 28.1 "Statue of Liberty". World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  29. "Venture Investment—Regional Aggregate Data". National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30. Phillips, Kristine (July 8, 2017). "New York mayor on Germany trip: The world should know that Americans don't align with Trump". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/07/07/new-york-city-mayor-de-blasio-slammed-for-trump-protesting-germany-trip-as-city-mourns-officers-death/. 
  31. 31.0 31.1 "Chung: Media was 'miserably late' to covering anti-Asian hate". CNN Business. https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2021/03/21/chung-media-was-miserably-late-to-covering-anti-asian-hate.cnn. 
  32. 32.0 32.1 32.2 Gleason, Will (March 11, 2019). "Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey". Time Out. Retrieved May 19, 2019. After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why this happened, and why now, it also lead [sic] the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 Appleton, Kate; Beattie, Rich; Glover, Adrien; Matthews, Lyndsey; Orcutt, April; Pramis, Joshua; Shields, Ann (November 10, 2014). "The World's Most Visited Tourist Attractions—No. 3: Times Square, New York City—Annual Visitors: 50,000,000". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved July 12, 2015. No. 3 Times Square, ... No. 4 (tie) Central Park, ... No. 10 Grand Central Terminal, New York City<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  34. "Times Square". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 10, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  35. "New York Architecture Images—Midtown Times Square". 2011 nyc-architecture. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. Multiple sources:
  37. "Manhattan, New York—Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park". The Pinnacle List. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  38. Brennan, Morgan (March 22, 2013). "The World's Most Expensive Billionaire Cities". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mhj45eddhg/6-new-york-city-u-s-a/. Retrieved July 6, 2013. 
  39. Michael Kimmelman (September 30, 2016). "Penn Station Reborn". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/30/opinion/penn-station-reborn.html. Retrieved August 3, 2022. 
  40. "Best Global Universities Rankings". Usnews.com. October 30, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  41. 41.0 41.1 "The Global Financial Centres Index 33" (PDF). Long Finance. March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  42. "2021 Global Cities Report". Kearney. 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  43. Bird, Mike (September 22, 2015). "The 25 cities with the most economic power on earth". Insider. Retrieved May 15, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  44. Florida, Richard (May 8, 2012). "What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 15, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  45. 45.0 45.1 Peter Minkoff (April 5, 2018). "New York - The World's Gay Capital". Your LGBTQ+ Voice. Retrieved January 4, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  46. "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  47. "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". North Jersey Media Group Inc. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  48. "The New York Art Market Report". Arts Economics. Retrieved October 20, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  49. "Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center". City of New York. October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  50. Badoe, Etta (November 11, 2015). "1664 New Amsterdam becomes New York Dutch rulers surrender to England". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  51. Archdeacon, Thomas J. (2013). New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change. Cornell University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8014-6891-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=9bTxAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19. 
  52. Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin people of New York. p. 27. ISBN 1-57178-107-2. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Native_New_Yorkers/c5hky9f5PgoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA27&printsec=frontcover. 
  53. Debo, Angie (2013). A History of the Indians of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8061-8965-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=pLjYpwiuN_wC&pg=PT28. 
  54. Rankin, Rebecca B.; Rodgers, Cleveland (1948). New York: The World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262. 
  55. WPA Writer's Project (2004). A Maritime History of New York. Going Coastal Productions. p. 246. ISBN 0-9729803-1-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC. 
  56. Lankevich, George J. (2002). New York City: A Short History. NYU Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8147-5186-2. https://archive.org/details/newyorkcity00geor. 
  57. 57.0 57.1 "The Hudson River". New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  58. "Henry Hudson". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  59. Roberts, Sam (October 2, 2012). "Honoring a Very Early New Yorker". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/honoring-a-very-early-new-yorker/. 
  60. "CUNY DSI Publishes Monograph on New York's First Immigrant". The City College of New York. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  61. Briney, Amanda. "15 Oldest Cities in the United States". About.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  62. Dutch Colonies, National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."
  63. GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance, Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.
  64. "Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology". PBS. Retrieved October 28, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  65. Binder, Frederick M.; Reimers, David M. (1996). All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City. Columbia University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-231-07879-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=o08K8jlMI-IC. 
  66. "Pieter Schaghen Letter". S4ulanguages.com. 1626. Retrieved October 28, 2021. "... hebben t'eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. ..." ("... They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size ...)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  67. "Value of the Guilder versus Euro". International Institute of Social History. Retrieved July 25, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  68. "Peter Schaghen Letter". Nnp.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  69. Miller, Christopher L.; Hamell, George R. (September 1986). "A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade". The Journal of American History 73 (2): 311–328. doi:10.2307/1908224. JSTOR 1908224. 
  70. "The Patroon System". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  71. "The Story of New Amsterdam". New Amsterdam History Center. Retrieved July 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  72. Jacobs, Jaap (2009). The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America. Cornell University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0801475160. https://books.google.com/books?id=vgnh3E5Mm0cC. 
  73. Eisenstadt, Peter; Moss, Laura-Eve; Huxley, Carole F. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1051. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=tmHEm5ohoCUC&q=New+Amsterdam+grew+from+under+2,000+to+8,000&pg=PA1051. 
  74. 74.0 74.1 "Peter Stuyvesant". New-York Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  75. 75.0 75.1 "Peter Stuyvesant". New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  76. "The surrender of New Netherland, 1664". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved July 11, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  77. Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. Owl Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8050-7842-8. 
  78. Miller, John (2000). James II (The English Monarchs Series). Yale University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-300-08728-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=McEJCAAAQBAJ. 
  79. "Treaty of Breda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  80. Roper, L. H. (2017). Advancing Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-107-11891-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=i8wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215. 
  81. Van Luling, Todd (April 17, 2014). "8 Things Even New Yorkers Don't Know About New York City". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/new-york-history-facts_n_5107337.html. 
  82. Douglas, Peter. "The Man Who Took Back New Netherland" (PDF). New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  83. "Native Americans". Penn Treaty Museum. Retrieved October 29, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  84. "Gotham Center for New York City History" Timeline 1700–1800
  85. Nogueira, Pedro (2009). "The Early History of Yellow Fever (PDF)". Thomas Jefferson University.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  86. "Timeline - Yellow Fever in America". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved October 30, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  87. Foote, Thelma Wills (2004). Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-508809-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu4VfJPRsl4C&pg=PA68. 
  88. Oltman, Adele (October 24, 2005). "The Hidden History of Slavery in New York". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/hidden-history-slavery-new-york#. Retrieved July 9, 2013. 
  89. Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama; Cérol, Marie-José (2005). Encyclopedia of Black Studies. SAGE. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7619-2762-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA33. 
  90. Linder, Doug (2001). "The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account". University of Missouri–Kansas City. Retrieved October 30, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  91. Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876. Columbia University. p. 8. https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalske00univgoog. 
  92. Boyer, Paul; Clark, Clifford; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph; Rieser, Andrew (2009). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise. Cengage Learning. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-111-78553-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=O7NsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100. 
  93. Reno, Linda Davis (2008). The Maryland 400 in the Battle of Long Island, 1776. McFarland. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7864-5184-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=KvhogpG5154C&pg=PA3. 
  94. Hinks, Peter P. (2007). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-313-33144-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=3UXQs0uO0VMC&pg=PA508. 
  95. Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7
  96. "The People's Vote: President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/usnews/documents/docpages/document_page11.htm. Retrieved September 1, 2008. 
  97. "Residence Act". Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  98. Fortenbaugh, Robert (1948). "The Nine Capitals of the United States". United States Senate. p. 9. Retrieved October 30, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  99. Shorto, Russell (February 9, 2004). "The Streets Where History Lives". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/09/opinion/the-streets-where-history-lives.html. 
  100. Smil, Vaclav (2019). Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 336. ISBN 978-0-262-04283-3. OCLC 1085577162. https://books.google.com/books?id=52yuDwAAQBAJ. 
  101. "An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York" (L. 1799, Ch. 62)
  102. Harper, Douglas (2003). "Emancipation in New York". Slave North. Retrieved February 6, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  103. 103.0 103.1 103.2 "New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit". New-York Historical Society (physical exhibit). September 3, 2007. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  104. Lockwood, Charles (July 23, 1978). "Quintessential Housing Of the Past: Tenements.". https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/23/archives/quintessential-housing-of-the-past-tenements-quintessential-housing.html. 
  105. Harris, Leslie M. "African-Americans in New York City, 1626–1863". Department of History, Emory University. Retrieved October 31, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  106. Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3. https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar. 
  107. Bridges, William (1811). Map of the City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory Remarks And References. ; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.
  108. Mushkat, Jerome (1990). Fernando Wood: A Political Biography. Kent State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-87338-413-1. https://archive.org/details/fernandowoodpoli0000mush. 
  109. "Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York". Virtual New York. City University of New York. Retrieved October 31, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  110. 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 Harris, Leslie M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863. University of Chicago Press. Excerpted from pages 279–288. ISBN 9780226317755. https://books.google.com/books?id=TZx6A_M0yjQC. 
  111. "The Draft in the Civil War". U-S-History.com. Retrieved October 31, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  112. 112.0 112.1 McPherson, James M.; Hogue, James Keith (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-07-743035-1. https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0077430352. 
  113. Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 193–195. ISBN 9780813162553. https://books.google.com/books?id=QNkeBgAAQBAJ. 
  114. "The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City". NYC100 Centennial Celebration. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  115. Cudahy, Brian J. (2004). The New York Subway: Its Construction and Equipment : Interborough Rapid Transit, 1904. Fordham University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8232-2401-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=UfodzizzrfQC&pg=PA2. 
  116. Blake, Angela M. (2009). How New York Became American, 1890–1924. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-8018-8874-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=v36fyM6qswYC&pg=PT63. 
  117. 117.0 117.1 Goicichea, Julia (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  118. "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 1, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  119. Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html. 
  120. Sheard, Bradley (1998). Lost Voyages: Two Centuries of Shipwrecks in the Approaches to New York. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc.. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-881652-17-5. https://archive.org/details/lostvoyagestwoce0000shea. 
  121. "The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire". Kheel Center, Cornell University. Retrieved February 9, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  122. Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. Table 30. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3. https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar. 
  123. Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2009). Harlem Renaissance Lives from the African American National Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-538795-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=E_vRLcgEdGoC&pg=PR7. 
  124. Roche, Linda De (2015). The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature: A Historical Exploration of Literature. ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-61069-668-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=cOGOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18. 
  125. "New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional)". Demographia. Retrieved July 8, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  126. Allen, Oliver E. (1993). "Chapter 9: The Decline". The Tiger—The Rise and Fall of[Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-62463-2. https://archive.org/details/tigerrisefalloft00alle. 
  127. Burns, Ric (August 22, 2003). "The Center of the World—New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)". PBS. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  128. Murphy, Timothy (2013). Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies. Routledge. p. 572. ISBN 978-1-135-94234-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA572. 
  129. "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S." University of Kentucky. Retrieved September 2, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  130. Frizzell, Nell (June 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". PinkNews. Retrieved August 31, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  131. "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 31, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  132. "Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument". National Park Service, Department of the Interior. June 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  133. "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". North Jersey Media Group. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  134. 134.0 134.1 Williams, Cristan (January 25, 2013). "So, what was Stonewall?". The TransAdvocate. Retrieved March 28, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  135. Tannenbaum, Allan (February 2004). "New York in the 70s: A Remembrance". The Digital Journalist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  136. Effgen, Christopher (September 11, 2001). "New York Crime Rates 1960–2009". Disastercenter.com. Retrieved October 28, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  137. Waller, Irvin (2013). Smarter Crime Control. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4422-2170-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=qQPGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38. 
  138. Dieterle, David A. (2017). Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-313-39708-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=LmphDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396. 
  139. "Missing Doctor Added to List of 9/11 Victims". The New York Sun. Associated Press (New York: TWO SL LLC). July 10, 2008. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/missing-doctor-added-to-list-of-9-11-victims/81626/. 
  140. Greenspan, Elizabeth (2013). Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center. St. Martin's Press/Harvard University. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-137-36547-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=DMHzmpTK5rYC&pg=PA152. 
  141. "World Trade Center Transportation Hub". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2017. The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third largest transportation center in New York City.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  142. Hetter, Katia; Boyette, Chris (November 12, 2013). "It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/travel/one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/index.html?hpt=hp_t2. 
  143. "New York City Skyscraper Diagram". SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. Retrieved January 22, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  144. "One World Trade Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. Retrieved February 9, 2017. The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  145. Matthews, Laura (April 30, 2012). "One World Trade Center On Top As Tallest Building in New York City". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/one-world-trade-center-top-tallest-building-new-york-city-photos-700251. 
  146. Lesser, Benjamin (April 30, 2012). "It's official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York's tallest skyscraper". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 22, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  147. Nocera, Joe (September 14, 2012). "Two Days in September". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2017. On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country. The movement's primary issue was income inequality—"We are the 99 percent", they used to chant.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  148. 148.0 148.1 Stone, Jeff; Gallucci, Maria (October 29, 2014). "Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014: Fortifying New York—How Well Armored Are We for the Next Superstorm?". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/hurricane-sandy-anniversary-2014-fortifying-new-york-how-well-armored-are-we-next-1711729. 
  149. 149.0 149.1 Eshelman, Robert S. (November 15, 2012). "Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form". Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  150. West, Melanie Grayce (March 1, 2020). "First Case of Coronavirus Confirmed in New York State" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-new-york-state-11583111692. 
  151. Musto, Julia (July 30, 2022). "New York governor: Monkeypox is a 'disaster emergency'". Fox News. Retrieved July 31, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  152. Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 2384. ISBN 978-0-300-18257-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT2384. 
  153. "Remnants of an Ice Age, The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its Journey". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved August 8, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  154. "The Hudson River Estuary". Life.bio.sunysb.edu. Stony Brook University. Archived from the original on June 4, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  155. Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/nyregion/20river.html. 
  156. Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7838-9785-1. https://archive.org/details/twintowerslifeof00gill. 
  157. Lopate, Phillip (2005). Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan. Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0-385-49714-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=QR69izwr9dcC. 
  158. New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  159. Roberts, Sam (May 22, 2008). "It's Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/nyregion/22shrink.html. 
  160. Lundrigan, Margaret (2004). Staten Island: Isle of the Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7385-2443-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=-p4lHNbJfE8C. 
  161. Howard, David (2002). Outside Magazine's Urban Adventure New York City. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-393-32212-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfCcxk4OcwkC. 
  162. 2011 borough population estimates are taken from the annual database of county population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, specifically this Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for New York state's counties, Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties of New York: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011, retrieved on May 13, 2012
  163. County and City Data Book:2007 (U.S. Census Bureau), Table B-1, Area and Population, retrieved on July 12, 2008. New York County (Manhattan) was the nation's densest-populated county, followed by Kings County (Brooklyn), Bronx County, Queens County and San Francisco, California.
  164. American Fact Finder (U.S. Census Bureau): New York by County - Table GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data, retrieved on February 6, 2009
  165. "The Five Boroughs of the City of New York: A Brief Historical Description". The History Box. October 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  166. Carlson, Jen (May 21, 2012). "Do You Refer To Manhattan As "The City"?". Gothamist. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  167. Mann, Camille; Valera, Stephanie. "10 Most Crowded Islands in the World". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  168. Barry, Dan (October 11, 2001). "A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/11/nyregion/nation-challenged-new-york-new-york-carries-but-test-its-grit-has-just-begun.html. "A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world." 
  169. Sorrentino, Christopher (September 16, 2007). "When He Was Seventeen". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/nyregion/thecity/16toug.html. "In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world." 
  170. Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: The People's Playground. Rutgers University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8135-3138-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC. 
  171. Hughes, C.J. (August 17, 2016). "Marine Park, Brooklyn: Block Parties, Bocce and Salt Air". https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/21/realestate/marine-park-brooklyn-block-parties-bocce-and-salt-air.html. "The neighborhood of Marine Park, a compact enclave in southeast Brooklyn, has a major claim to fame. It sits next to the borough's largest park, Marine Park" 
  172. "19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Startup Hotspot". CB Insights. October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  173. 173.0 173.1 Friedman, Vanessa (April 30, 2016). "Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/brooklyn-wearables-revolution.html. 
  174. Symonds, Alexandria (April 29, 2016). "One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html. 
  175. O'Donnell, Michelle (July 4, 2006). "In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th ...". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html. 
  176. Kim, Christine. "Queens, New York, Sightseeing". USA Today. http://traveltips.usatoday.com/queens-new-york-sightseeing-107156.html. 
  177. 177.0 177.1 Weber, Andrew (April 30, 2013). "Queens". NewYork.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  178. Frazier, Ian (June 26, 2006). "Utopia, the Bronx". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier. 
  179. "Animals & Exhibits". Bronx Zoo. Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  180. Ward, Candace (2000). New York City Museum Guide. Dover Publications. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-486-41000-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=FuWKuHbWnvIC. 
  181. 181.0 181.1 Toop, David (1992). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop. Serpent's Tail. ISBN 978-1-85242-243-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=9KuRQgAACAAJ. 
  182. 182.0 182.1 182.2 Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013). "How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/nyregion/surveying-effort-alters-sizes-of-some-new-york-parks.html. 
  183. "Staten Island Greenbelt". NYNJTC.org. New York–New Jersey Trail Conference. Retrieved October 28, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  184. Goldman, Henry (October 30, 2018). "NYC's Fastest-Growing Neighborhood Gets $180 Million Investment". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 30, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  185. Taylor, Marisa. "As One World Trade Center soars, so do its costs". MSNBC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  186. Skyline Ranking, Emporis. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  187. "Alchemy borrows $220M for Woolworth conversion". Real Estate Weekly. June 15, 2016. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017. The neo-gothic Woolworth Building was commissioned by Frank W. Woolworth in 1910 as his eponymous company's new headquarters and designed by renowned architect Cass Gilbert. The building was completed in 1913 and was for 17 years the tallest building in the world.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  188. Fischler, Raphael (1998). "The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance". Journal of the American Planning Association 64 (2): 170–188. doi:10.1080/01944369808975974. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944369808975974. 
  189. "Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers". The Skyscraper Museum. January 22, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  190. 190.0 190.1 Pogrebin, Robin (April 16, 2006). "7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/arts/design/16gree.html. 
  191. Plunz, Richard A. (1990). "Chapters 3 [Rich and Poor] & 4 [Beyond the Tenement]". History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06297-8. 
  192. Garb, Margaret (March 1, 1998). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Riverdale, the Bronx; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/01/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-riverdale-bronx-community-jealous-its-open-space.html. 
  193. "New York Metro: 6 Affordable Neighborhoods". New York. September 17, 2001. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  194. Shaman, Diana (February 8, 2004). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-douglaston-queens-timeless-city-area-with-country-feel.html. 
  195. Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; Wilson, Rufus Rockwell (1902). New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks. J.B. Lippincott. p. 354. https://archive.org/details/newyorkoldnewit01wilsgoog. 
  196. Elliott, Debbie (December 2, 2006). "Wondering About Water Towers". NPR. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  197. Hood, Clifton (2004). 722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-0-8018-5244-2. 
  198. Robertson, Jessica; Petersen, Mark (July 17, 2014). "New Insight on the Nation's Earthquake Hazards". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  199. Emily Nonko (April 1, 2022). "Office-to-Residential Conversion Zoning Proposal for Midtown". EQ Media, LLC. Retrieved September 24, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  200. Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L.; McMahon, T.A. "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  201. "New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York". NewYorkPolonia.com. Retrieved April 26, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  202. "Trewartha maps". kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. University of Arizona. Retrieved January 30, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  203. "Chapter 47. Global mapping". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved January 30, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  204. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named noaasun
  205. "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". Agricultural Research Service, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  206. 206.0 206.1 206.2 "New York, NY". United States National Weather Service. Retrieved July 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  207. "The Climate of New York". Cornell University. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  208. 208.0 208.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named New York City Weatherbox NOAA
  209. "Days below 0°F in New York City". Weather 2000. Retrieved June 24, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  210. Pollak, Michael (January 10, 2014). "Determining New York City's Record Wind Chill". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/nyregion/determining-new-york-citys-record-wind-chill.html. 
  211. "New York City Sea Temperature—United States—Sea Temperatures". World Sea Temperatures. Retrieved November 5, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  212. Dolnick, Sam (August 28, 2011). "Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York—Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/nyregion/wind-and-rain-from-hurricane-irene-lash-new-york.html?pagewanted=all. 
  213. "Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast". CNN. October 29, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  214. 214.0 214.1 "Temperaturmonatsmittel NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821–1987". Wetterzentrale. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  215. "Warmest and Coldest Years and Months at Central Park (1869 to Present)" (PDF). United States National Weather Service. May 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  216. "Wettest and Driest Years and Months at Central Park (1869 to Present)" (PDF). United States National Weather Service. May 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  217. "Monthly & Annual Snowfall at Central Park" (PDF). United States National Weather Service. May 9, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  218. "All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY (1869 to Present)" (PDF). United States National Weather Service. May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  219. "ParkScore 2018: City Rankings". Trust for Public Land. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  220. Barnard, Anne (April 24, 2021). "N.Y.C. Bans Pesticides in Parks With Push From Unlikely Force: Children" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/24/nyregion/pesticide-ban-nyc.html. 
  221. "Discover the truly wild side of New York's metropolitan area". nps.gov. Retrieved June 11, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  222. "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, New York City Region". Nysparks.state.ny.us. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  223. "Marsha P. Johnson State Park (East River State Park)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved October 4, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  224. "Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000-acre (110 km2) Mark". New York City Mayor's Office. February 3, 1999. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>; "Beaches". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  225. "Pelham Bay Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved June 8, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  226. Appleton, Kate; Beattie, Rich; Glover, Adrien; Matthews, Lyndsey; Orcutt, April; Pramis, Joshua; Shields, Ann (November 10, 2014). "The World's Most Visited Tourist Attractions—No. 4 (tie) Central Park, New York City—Annual Visitors: 40,000,000". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved March 27, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  227. "The Reservoir". CentralPark.com. August 9, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2017. Officially named the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir in 1994, the Reservoir is famed for the 1.58 mile track that encircles the 106-acre body of water.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  228. Foderaro, Lisa W. (October 23, 2012). "A$100 Million Thank-You for a Lifetime's Central Park Memories". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/nyregion/billionaire-donates-100-million-to-central-park.html. 
  229. Park History Archived December 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Prospect Park Alliance. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  230. Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013). "How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/nyregion/surveying-effort-alters-sizes-of-some-new-york-parks.html. "But the biggest loser was clearly Flushing Meadows. Previously the third-largest park in the city, it dropped to fourth place after the new analysis put its actual acreage at 897 (897.62 to be precise), down from 1,255 acres." 
  231. [Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Legacy; Celebrating the 50th & 75th Anniversaries of the 1939 & 1964 Fairs], New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  232. National Tennis Center Strategic Vision Project, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The 42-acre NTC is located within Flushing Meadows Corona Park on parkland leased by NYC Parks to USTA and is one of the world's largest public recreational tennis facilities. For 11 months of the year, NTC facilities are open to the public for indoor and outdoor tennis. The NTC is also host to the U.S. Open, one of the sport's four Grand Slam championship tennis tournaments."
  233. via Associated Press. "Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming!", NBC News, July 2, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "Despite its urban image, the Bronx has 7,000 acres of park land, about 25 percent of its total area. In addition to Yankee Stadium and the Bronx Zoo, the borough's green spaces include the New York Botanical Garden; a 19th-century garden overlooking the Hudson River called Wave Hill; and Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay parks, where you can bird-watch, play golf and ride horses."
  234. Conference House Park, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "On September 11, 1776, this house was the site of a conference between British Lord Admiral Richard Howe and Founding Fathers Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge. The talks occurred just two months after the Declaration of Independence had been signed. With the British controlling New York City, Long Island, and Staten Island, the Americans seemed headed for defeat. Lord Howe offered to end the conflict peacefully if the American colonies would return to British control, but the Americans refused to give up their struggle for independence."
  235. Jacobson, Jerome; Harris, Mary; Taylor, James V.; Anderson, Albert J.; Ritchie, William A.; Funk, Robert E. (1980). Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten Island, N.Y.. Staten Island Institute of Arts & Sciences, 1980, at The Digital Archaeological Record. http://core.tdar.org/document/159627/burial-ridge-tottenville-staten-island-n-y-archaeology-at-new-york-citys-largest-prehistoric-cemetery. Retrieved February 9, 2017. 
  236. "Military Bases in the Continental United States" (PDF). Nps.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  237. Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The History of New York City, 2nd Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&q=encyclopedia+of+new+york. 
  238. 238.0 238.1 The Encyclopedia of New York City, ed. Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6), p. 923, citing "U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population 1960 (vol. 1, part A, table 28), 1970, 1980, 1990". After annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, the population of the then-New York City was 1,206,299 in 1880 and 1,515,301 in 1890, Yale University Press.
  239. "Decennial Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  240. Greene, Evarts Boutell; Harrington, Virginia Draper (1932). American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790. New York.  as cited in Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3. https://archive.org/details/populationhistor00irar/page/8. 
  241. U.S. Census, from The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1929 (reprinted in 1971 by American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing, ISBN 0-07-071881-4), p. 503.
  242. Gibson, Campbell. "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990", United States Census Bureau, June 1998. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
  243. "Demographic/Household Characteristics & Asian and Hispanic Subgroups" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. Spring 2002. Retrieved February 7, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  244. 244.0 244.1 "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography: United States". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  245. Roberts, Sam (March 24, 2011). "New York City's Population Barely Rose in the Last Decade, the Census Finds". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/nyregion/25census.html?_r=1&scp=9&sq=new%20york%20census%202010%20asians%20queens&st=cse. 
  246. 246.0 246.1 "QuickFacts: New York city, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  247. "2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". US Census Bureau.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  248. "QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  249. 249.0 249.1 249.2 249.3 "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  250. 250.0 250.1 Barron, James (March 22, 2018). "New York City's Population Hits a Record 8.6 Million". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/nyregion/new-york-city-population.html. 
  251. Sherry, Virginia N. (March 27, 2014). "Staten Island population at all-time high of 473,000; NYC's soars to record 8.4 million". Staten Island Advance. http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/staten_island_residents_number.html. 
  252. Roberts, Sam (March 14, 2013). "Fewer People Are Abandoning the Bronx, Census Data Show". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/nyregion/more-people-moving-to-bronx-census-shows.html. 
  253. Castronuovo, Celine (August 12, 2021). "All 10 largest cities grew, Phoenix supplants Philly as 5th largest in US". The Hill. Retrieved August 28, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  254. Dorman, John L. (August 16, 2021). "Census: The 10 most populous US cities are led by NYC, Los Angeles, and Chicago; Phoenix leapfrogs Philadelphia to claim the No. 5 spot". Business Insider. Retrieved August 27, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  255. "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates—2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates—City Versus State". American Fact Finder, United States Census Bureau. 2016. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  256. "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates—2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates—City Versus Metro". American Fact Finder, United States Census Bureau. 2016. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  257. Correal, Annie (August 12, 2021). "New York City adds 629,000 people, defying predictions of its decline". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/us/new-york-city-population-growth.html. 
  258. 258.0 258.1 258.2 "Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  259. "GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010—State—County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  260. Mann, Camille; Valera, Stephanie. "World's Most Crowded Islands". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  261. "Guide to State and Local Census Geography" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. June 1993. Retrieved February 9, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  262. "Highest Density". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  263. "2010 Census Summary File 1: Geographic Identifiers". American Factfinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  264. Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (January 13, 2023). "African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html. 
  265. "2020 Decennial Census". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  266. Jones, Charisse (September 24, 2008). "Ellis Island strives to tell more complete immigration story". USA Today. Retrieved July 4, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  267. Wikisource-logo.svg Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [New York City#Population "New York City#Population"] Check |url= value (help). Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  268. 268.0 268.1 Semple, Kirk (June 8, 2013). "City's Newest Immigrant Enclaves, From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/06/09/nyregion/new-york-citys-newest-immigrant-enclaves.html?pagewanted=all. 
  269. The Newest New Yorkers: 2013, New York City Department of City Planning, December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants."
  270. Semple, Kirk (December 18, 2013). "Immigration Remakes and Sustains City, a Report Concludes". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/19/nyregion/chinese-diaspora-transforms-new-yorks-immigrant-population-report-finds.html. 
  271. Goldstein, Joseph (November 28, 2013). "Bangladeshis Build Careers in New York Traffic". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/29/nyregion/bangladeshis-build-careers-in-new-york-traffic.html?hpw&rref=nyregion&_r=0. 
  272. Semple, Kirk (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html. "Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million—nearly one in eight New Yorkers—which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined." 
  273. "Asian American Statistics". Améredia Incorporated. Retrieved July 5, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  274. Lubin, Gus (February 15, 2017). "Queens Has More Languages Than Anywhere in the World – Here's Where They're Found". Business Insider. Retrieved January 4, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  275. * "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.explorechinatown.com. Retrieved August 28, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  276. "State & County QuickFacts Nassau County, New York QuickLinks". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  277. Shao, Heng (April 10, 2014). "Join The Great Gatsby: Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out To Long Island's North Shore". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/hengshao/2014/04/10/chinese-real-estate-buyers-fan-out-to-long-islands-north-shore/. Retrieved August 2, 2014. 
  278. 278.0 278.1 278.2 "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 18, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  279. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 18, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  280. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 18, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  281. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved February 24, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  282. Marzulli, John (May 9, 2011). "Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities". The New York Daily News (New York). https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/malaysian-man-smuggled-illegal-chinese-immigrants-brooklyn-queen-mary-2-authorities-article-1.143516. 
  283. "Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing". QueensBuzz.com. January 25, 2012. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  284. "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  285. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 19, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  286. 286.0 286.1 "Most Significant Unreached People Group Communities in Metro NY". GLOBAL GATES. July 17, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  287. Table SF1-P9 NYC: Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups, New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  288. "Queens County, New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  289. Roleke, John. "A Growing Chinatown in Elmhurst". About.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  290. "American FactFinder—Results". U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  291. "Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990". Population Division Working Paper. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  292. Roberts, Sam (June 30, 2014). "Census Estimates Show Another Increase in New York City's Non-Hispanic White Population". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/01/nyregion/census-estimates-show-another-increase-in-new-york-citys-non-hispanic-white-population.html. 
  293. 293.0 293.1 "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  294. "American FactFinder—Results". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  295. "A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City". Allied Media Corp. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  296. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 19, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  297. Ragaru, Nadège; Dymi, Amilda. "The Albanian-American Community in the United States : A Diaspora Coming to Visibility" (PDF). HAL. Retrieved July 29, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  298. "Transcript: Mayor Eric Adams Discusses Coordinated Efforts That Stopped Potential Attack on Jewish Community". www.nyc.gov. 21 November 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  299. Danailova, Hilary (January 2018). "Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth". Hadassah Magazine.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  300. Semple, Kirk (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/nyregion/asian-new-yorkers-asian-new-yorkers-seek-power-to-match-surging-numbers.html?scp=1&sq=asians&st=cse. 
  301. "Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013". United States Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  302. Adam Shaw (August 10, 2022). "Abbott's campaign hits back after NYC Mayor Adams threatens to bus New Yorkers to Texas". Fox News. Retrieved August 11, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  303. Busuttil, Shaun (November 3, 2016). "G-day! Welcome to Little Australia in New York City". KarryOn. Retrieved May 23, 2019. In Little Australia, Australian-owned cafes are popping up all over the place (such as Two Hands), joining other Australian-owned businesses (such as nightclubs and art galleries) as part of a growing green and gold contingent in NYC. Indeed, walking in this neighbourhood, the odds of your hearing a fellow Aussie ordering a coffee or just kicking back and chatting are high—very high—so much so that if you're keen to meet other Aussies whilst taking your own bite out of the Big Apple, then this is the place to throw that Australian accent around like it's going out of fashion!<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  304. McLogan, Elle (October 3, 2017). "Why Are There So Many Australians in New York?". CBS Television Stations. Retrieved November 12, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  305. Reynolds, Emma (July 30, 2018). "Australia's secret weapon is quietly changing New York". news.com.au. Retrieved June 4, 2019. THERE'S a quiet revolution taking place across the Big Apple, and it all stems from Down Under.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  306. Gunner, Siobhan. "The Australian Cafés Taking Over The NYC Breakfast Scene". Just Opened New York. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  307. Baird, Saxon (June 9, 2014). "What's The Deal With All These Australians In NYC?". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  308. Forster, Tim (September 17, 2018). "Why Are So Many Australians Working in American Coffee?". Eater. Retrieved November 12, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  309. Mark Caswell (August 25, 2022). "Qantas to launch nonstop Auckland-JFK service". Business Traveller. Retrieved August 28, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  310. "Little Sri Lanka: An Island Nation Unites on Staten Island". Charter Communications. October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  311. O'Grady, Jim (January 13, 2002). "Neighborhood Report: Richmond Hill; Making Guyana More Accessible, Two Sisters Start an Airline". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD1F39F930A25752C0A9649C8B63. "Many of them live in Richmond Hill. Just as Chinese-Americans energized downtown Flushing, the Guyanese have revived a once-moribund shopping strip on Liberty Avenue between the Van Wyck Expressway and Lefferts Boulevard, now known as Little Guyana." 
  312. Tracy, Matt (June 26, 2022). "Massive NYC Dyke March takes over Fifth Avenue". Gay City News. https://gaycitynews.com/massive-nyc-dyke-march-takes-over-fifth-avenue/. Retrieved July 2, 2022. 
  313. Ennis, Dawn (May 24, 2017). "ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved September 26, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  314. Gates, Gary J. (October 2006). "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey" (PDF). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  315. Silverman, Brian; Chauvin, Kelsy (2013). Frommer's New York City 2013. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-33144-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=fIAuxa6ic9EC&q=new+york+one+of+the+largest+world+gay+population&pg=PT703. Retrieved March 24, 2015. 
  316. People v. Ronald Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476 (N.Y. Court of Appeals December 18, 1980).
  317. Confessore, Nicholas; Barbaro, Michael (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/25/nyregion/gay-marriage-approved-by-new-york-senate.html?_r=1&hp. 
  318. Silverman, Brian. Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day (Volume 7 of Frommer's $ A Day). John Wiley & Sons, January 21, 2005. ISBN 0764588354, 9780764588358. p. 28.
  319. "queerintheworld.com". January 6, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  320. Jeff Nelson (June 24, 2022). "Madonna Celebrates Queer Joy with Drag Queens, Son David at Star-Studded NYC Pride Party". People Magazine. Retrieved June 25, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  321. "Revelers Take to the Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March". CBS New York. June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017. A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  322. 322.0 322.1 Parry, Bill (July 10, 2018). "Elmhurst vigil remembers transgender victims lost to violence and hate". TimesLedger (New York). https://www.timesledger.com/stories/2016/48/transvigil_2016_11_25_q.html. 
  323. Allen, Karma (July 3, 2019). "About 5 million people attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/million-people-crowed-nyc-worldpride-mayor/story?id=64090338. 
  324. Patil, Anushka (June 15, 2020). "How a March for Black Trans Lives Became a Huge Event". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/nyregion/brooklyn-black-trans-parade.html. 
  325. Keating, Shannon (June 16, 2020). "Corporate Pride Events Can't Happen This Year. Let's Keep It That Way". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved June 28, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  326. 326.0 326.1 Lipka, Michael (July 29, 2015). "Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles". Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 30, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  327. 327.0 327.1 "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved July 11, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  328. 328.0 328.1 Danailova, Hilary (January 11, 2018). "Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth". Hadassah Magazine. Retrieved July 29, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  329. 329.0 329.1 Weichselbaum, Simone (June 26, 2012). "Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080. 
  330. "Transcript: Mayor Eric Adams Discusses Coordinated Efforts That Stopped Potential Attack on Jewish Community". City of New York. November 21, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022. New York City is home to 1.6 million Jews, the largest Jewish population of any city in the world.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  331. "Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011 Comprehensive Report" (PDF). UJA-Federation of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  332. Nathan-Kazis, Josh (June 12, 2012). "N.Y. Jewish Population Grows to 1.5M: Study". The Forward. Retrieved November 21, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  333. Levine, Yitzchok (August 3, 2005). "Glimpses Into American Jewish History (Part 5)". The Jewish Press. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  334. Jewish Chronicle, May 6, 1881, cited in Benjamin Blech, Eyewitness to Jewish History
  335. "A 'staggering' 61% of Jewish kids in New York City area are Orthodox, new study finds". www.timesofisrael.com. The Times of Israel. June 13, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  336. Grynbaum, Michael M.; Otterman, Sharon (March 4, 2015). "New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/nyregion/new-york-to-add-two-muslim-holy-days-to-public-school-calendar.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news. 
  337. "An Impact Report of Muslim Contributions to New York City" (PDF). Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. Retrieved May 17, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  338. "Muslims in Metro New York (Part 2) – Specific Muslim Group Estimates". Global Gates. February 29, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  339. Hussain, Tharik (May 19, 2016). "How America's oldest mosque was built by Muslims from the Baltic". www.baltictimes.com. The Baltic Times. Retrieved July 29, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  340. Siddiqui, Zuha (December 26, 2018). "America's Oldest Surviving Mosque Is in Williamsburg". Bedford + Bowery. Retrieved July 29, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  341. "Religious composition of adults in the New York City metropolitan area". Pew Research Center. Retrieved February 1, 2023.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  342. Honan, Katie (September 11, 2019). "New York City's Income-Inequality Gap Hasn't Changed, Report Says" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-citys-income-inequality-gap-hasnt-changed-report-says-11568174460. 
  343. "County Employment and Wages Summary". Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  344. Wallace, Gregory (August 4, 2014). "Want to meet a millionaire? Here's where to go". CNN. Retrieved August 4, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  345. Moreno, Tonya (February 2, 2017). "U.S. Cities That Levy Income Taxes". The Balance. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia allow cities, counties, and municipalities to levy their own separate individual income taxes in addition to state income taxes.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  346. "Personal Income Tax & Non-resident NYC Employee Payments". New York City Department of Finance. Retrieved December 19, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  347. "New York City tax rate schedule" (PDF). New York State Department of Taxation and Finance. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  348. Brito, Christopher (April 23, 2019). "M&M's. Makeup. Bank receipt. NYC homeless people reveal which items they value the most". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/homeless-in-new-york-city-homeless-essentials-simon-dolsten-chris-bosler/. 
  349. Kenneth T. Jackson (April 2, 2021). "Does New York Still Want to Be the Capital of the World?". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/does-new-york-still-want-to-be-the-capital-of-the-world-11617400766. 
  350. Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Archived March 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (1991) - Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6
  351. "Port of New York and New Jersey Monthly Cargo Volumes". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved December 10, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  352. Vanessa Yurkevich (December 9, 2022). "The busiest port in America is no longer on the West Coast". CNN. Retrieved December 10, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  353. Fortune 500 2011: Cities with most companies. CNNMoney. Retrieved July 21, 2011; Fortune, Vol. 163, no. 7 (May 23, 2011), p. F-45
  354. Kennedy, Simon (April 13, 2014). "Beijing Breaks into Top Ten in Rankings by A.T. Kearney". Bloomberg L.P. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-13/beijing-breaks-into-top-ten-in-rankings-by-a-t-kearney.html. 
  355. Kaske, Michelle (March 12, 2012). "New York City Tops Global Competitiveness Rankings, Economist Report Says". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-12/new-york-city-tops-global-competitiveness-london-is-no-2-economist-says. 
  356. 356.0 356.1 "Definition of Metonymy". Chegg. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  357. Fermino, Jennifer (February 7, 2014). "Mayor de Blasio announces $3M in grants for New York City's fashion industry". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/de-blasio-announces-3m-grants-city-fashion-industry-article-1.1605556. 
  358. Hu, Winnie (February 7, 2017). "New York Tries to Revive Garment Industry, Outside the Garment District". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/nyregion/new-york-garment-industry-brooklyn.html. 
  359. "Seventh Avenue New York:Fashion Avenue". Apparel Search. Retrieved October 14, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  360. "More Than a Link in the Food Chain" (PDF). The Mayor's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business. February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  361. "Godiva Chocolatier Inc. Company Information". Hoover's Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  362. Kis, Eva (November 16, 2018). "New York City now has an unofficial Chocolate District – Metro US". www.metro.us. Retrieved December 5, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  363. Jones, Huw (March 24, 2022). "New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index". https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/. 
  364. "NYSE Listings Directory". New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  365. "2013 WFE Market Highlights" (PDF). World Federation of Exchanges. January 28, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  366. Choudhury, Ambereen; Martinuzzi, Elisa; Moshinsky, Ben (November 26, 2012). "London Bankers Bracing for Leaner Bonuses Than New York". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  367. Vallikappen, Sanat (November 10, 2013). "Pay Raises for Bank Risk Officers in Asia Trump New York". Bloomberg.com (Bloomberg L.P). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-10/pay-raises-for-bank-risk-officers-in-asia-trump-new-york.html. 
  368. "DiNapoli: Wall Street Bonuses Edge Up in 2014". Office of the New York State Comptroller. March 11, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  369. 369.0 369.1 Sustaining New York's and the US' Global Financial Services Leadership (PDF) (Report). New York City Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved July 19, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  370. "Total debt securities" (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. June 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  371. Chaudhuri, Saabira (September 15, 2014). "Ranking the Biggest U.S. Banks: A New Entrant in Top 5". The Wall Street Journal. https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/09/15/ranking-the-biggest-u-s-banks-a-new-entrant-in-top-5/. 
  372. 372.0 372.1 Foster, Cynthia (December 7, 2018). "Q3 2018 U.S. Office Market Outlook". Colliers International. Retrieved April 13, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  373. "Understanding The Manhattan Office Space Market". Officespaceseeker.com. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  374. "Marketbeat United States CBD Office Report 2Q11" (PDF). Cushman & Wakefield, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 8, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  375. Dickey, Megan Rose; D'Onfro, Jillian (October 24, 2013). "SA 100 2013: The Coolest People In New York Tech". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  376. Casselman, Ben; Collins, Keith; Russell, Karl (February 15, 2019). "Even Without Amazon, Tech Could Keep Gaining Ground in New York". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/02/15/business/economy/nyc-tech-startups-amazon.html. 
  377. Schieber, Jonathan (May 24, 2017). "A Year After its Launch, TechNYC Has Become a Force in New York Politics". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/24/a-year-after-its-launch-technyc-has-become-a-force-in-new-york-politics/. 
  378. Pérez-Peña, Richard (December 19, 2011). "Cornell Alumnus Is Behind $350 Million Gift to Build Science School in City". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/nyregion/cornell-and-technion-israel-chosen-to-build-science-school-in-new-york-city.html?scp=3&sq=cornell&st=cse. 
  379. Ju, Anne (December 19, 2011). "'Game-changing' Tech Campus Goes to Cornell, Technion". Cornell University. Retrieved August 1, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  380. Morris, Keiko (July 28, 2014). "Wanted: Biotech Startups in New York City: The Alexandria Center for Life Science Looks to Expand". The Wall Street Journal. https://online.wsj.com/articles/wanted-biotech-startups-in-new-york-city-1406603189. 
  381. "Department of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment Roll". New York City Department of Finance. January 15, 2016. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/finance/downloads/pdf/press_release/fy2017_tentative_assessment_roll.pdf. "Today, Jacques Jiha, Commissioner for the Department of Finance, announced the publication of the Tentative Property Assessment Roll for fiscal year 2017, which shows the total Market Value for the upcoming year at about $1.072 trillion, an increase of $102.5 billion, or 10.6 percent from the 2016 Fiscal Year." 
  382. Carlyle, Erin (October 8, 2014). "New York Dominates 2014 List of America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2014/10/08/new-york-dominates-2014-list-of-americas-most-expensive-zip-codes/. Retrieved October 9, 2014. 
  383. Sadik-Khan, Janette (January 9, 2017). "A plea for Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/opinion/a-plea-for-fifth-avenue.html. 
  384. "Hedge Fund Billionaire Ken Griffin Buys America's Most Expensive Home". Bloomberg News. January 30, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2019-01-29/hedge-fund-billionaire-ken-griffin-buys-america-s-most-expensive-home-video. 
  385. "History in Photos: New York is the Most Photographed City in the World". January 19, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022. Not eliminate how many photos you have done well with your digital cameras, cell phones, and smartphones. And also in the professional area, New York has a non-sealing charm for filmmakers and photographers..Every year, there are 40,000 shoots for advertising, cinema films, TV shows, series, music videos, documentation. New York is considered the most photographed city in the world. And yet photographers, again and again, manage to take a new perspective in the megacity, to avoid an unusual motif to create an optics that fascinates.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  386. "The Most Photographed Places In The World Based On Traveler Data". Expedia. Retrieved December 3, 2022. With visitors taking a slice of the Big Apple back home on their camera reel, it's hardly surprising that New York is the most photographed city in the world.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  387. Swanson, Ana (August 26, 2015). "The world's most photographed places". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/26/the-worlds-most-photographed-places/. 
  388. "Chip Kidd talks with Milton Glaser". The Believer. September 2003. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  389. "I Love New York Logo". New York State Education Department. September 26, 2013. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  390. "Places To Visit in New York City". Pinterest. Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  391. Richard Panchyk (2010). New York City Skyscrapers. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9781439638620. https://books.google.com/books?id=01rPeuHXpeQC&pg=PT180. 
  392. Richard Alleman (2013). New York: The Movie Lover's Guide: The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York. Crown/Archetype. p. 95. ISBN 9780804137782. https://books.google.com/books?id=f_0Z5SxTKLkC&pg=PA95. 
  393. Richter, Felix (March 11, 2015). "New York Is The World's Media Capital". Statista. Retrieved December 21, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  394. Ennis, Dawn (May 24, 2017). "ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time". LGBTQ Nation. Retrieved December 21, 2020. Never before has any TV station in the entertainment and news media capital of the world carried what organizer boast is the world's largest Pride parade live on TV.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  395. Santora, Marc (February 26, 2014). "Four Marvel TV Shows to Film in New York". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/27/arts/television/marvel-and-disney-to-film-daredevil-and-3-other-netflix-shows-in-new-york-city.html. 
  396. "Mayor De Blasio Announces Increased Growth of New York City's Entertainment Industry Brings $8.7 billion into the Local Economy". City of New York Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment. October 15, 2015. Retrieved April 10, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  397. "New York Film Academy, New York City". New York Film Academy. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  398. 398.0 398.1 "Request for Expressions of Interest" (PDF). Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 2, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  399. "AICP Staff & National Offices". Association of Independent Commercial Producers. Retrieved February 8, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  400. Goundry, Nick (June 6, 2014). "New York half-year location filming surpasses record for whole of 2013". The Location Guide. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  401. Goundry, Nick (June 25, 2014). "New York surpasses Los Angeles for TV drama pilot filming". The Location Guide. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  402. "Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now" (Press release). Tampa Bay Partnership. August 26, 2005. http://www.tampabay.org/press.asp?rls_id=991&. 
  403. "Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks: Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue". Advertising Age. Archived from the original on June 2, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  404. "Media and Entertainment". New York City Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  405. "New York Daily News (American newspaper)". Britannica.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  406. Allan Nevins, The Evening Post: Century of Journalism, Boni and Liveright, 1922, p. 17.
  407. "Ethnic Press Booms in New York City". Editor & Publisher. July 10, 2002. http://www.editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1538594. Retrieved September 1, 2008. 
  408. "el Diario/La Prensa: The Nation's Oldest Spanish-Language Daily". New America Media. July 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  409. Leland, John; Nir, Sarah Maslin (August 22, 2017). "After 62 Years and Many Battles, Village Voice Will End Print Publication". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/22/nyregion/village-voice-to-end-print-publication.html?mcubz=1. 
  410. "About NYC Media". NYC Media. City of New York. Retrieved July 23, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  411. "Community Celebrates Public Access TV's 35th Anniversary". Mnn.org. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  412. "Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers - Spring 2006 Arbitron" (PDF). Radio Research Consortium. August 28, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  413. "Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center". The official website of the City of New York. October 26, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  414. Wienerbronner, Danielle (November 9, 2010). "The Most Beautiful College Libraries". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/09/the-most-beautiful-colleg_n_778614.html#s174271&title=Bapst_Art_Library. 
  415. "About Us". The New York City Department of Education. 2014. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  416. Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/06/nyregion/a-tiny-strip-of-new-york-that-feels-like-the-suburbs.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. 
  417. "Home". New York City Charter School Center. Retrieved April 16, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  418. "Private School Universe Survey". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  419. "America's Biggest College Towns" (in en). Bloomberg.com. September 8, 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-08/america-s-biggest-college-towns. 
  420. "Academics". City University of New York. Retrieved April 15, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  421. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  422. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Consultancy. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  423. "CWUR 2016—World University Rankings". Center for World University Rankings. Retrieved October 16, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  424. "Top 50 science cities in life sciences". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved March 26, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  425. Horner, Blair; Levin, Arthur; Mattei, Suzanne (August 2014). "The Doctor Is In: New York's Increasing Number of Doctors" (PDF). Casey Ciceron (contributor). New York City Economic Development Corporation. p. 13, Appendix 1: Comparison of the Numbers Of New York Doctors By County, As Of December 31, 2004, And December 31, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  426. "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan" (Press release). New York City Economic Development Corporation. November 18, 2004. http://home2.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2004b%2Fpr310-04.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1. 
  427. Stern, Gary M. (March 16, 2017). "The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/suny-maritime-college.html?module=WatchingPortal&region=c-column-middle-span-region&pgType=Homepage&action=click&mediaId=thumb_square&state=standard&contentPlacement=8&version=internal&contentCollection=www.nytimes.com&contentId=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2Fnyregion%2Fsuny-maritime-college.html&eventName=Watching-article-click. 
  428. "About Us: Locations". NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  429. "Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules and Report of Independent Certified Public Accountants – New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (A Component Unit of the City of New York" (PDF). The City of New York. Retrieved October 12, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  430. "HHC Health and Hospitals Corporation". nyc.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  431. "The History of New York City's Municipal Hospitals". New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  432. "MetroPlus Health". MetroPlus. Retrieved November 29, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  433. "2014 HHC Report to the Community" (PDF). New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. Retrieved March 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  434. "New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation History". Funding Universe. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  435. Mogul, Fred (January 21, 2014). "CEO of Chicago Public Hospitals to Take the Helm of HHC". WNYC. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  436. Goldman, Henry; Kaplan, Jennifer (August 28, 2017). "NYC Boosts Cigarette Prices to $13, Bans Sales by Pharmacies". Bloomberg.com (Bloomberg L.P.). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-28/nyc-boosts-price-of-cigarettes-to-13-bans-sales-by-pharmacies. 
  437. "Local Police Departments, 2007" (PDF). Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice. p. 34, Appendix Table 1. Retrieved December 5, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  438. "Compstat" (PDF). City of New York Police Department. Retrieved July 6, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  439. Mathias, Christopher (May 15, 2012). "NYPD Stop And Frisks: 15 Shocking Facts About A Controversial Program". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/13/nypd-stop-and-frisks-15-shocking-facts_n_1513362.html. 
  440. "Stop-and-Frisk Campaign: About the Issue". New York Civil Liberties Union. July 31, 2007. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  441. "NYPD Stop and Frisk". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/tag/nypd-stop-and-frisk. 
  442. Winkley, Lyndsay (March 5, 2016). "San Diego County homicides up 12% in 2015". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 23, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  443. Prager, Arthur (February–March 2006). "Worst-Case Scenario". American Heritage 57 (1). http://www.americanheritage.com/content/worst-case-scenario. Retrieved July 23, 2019. 
  444. 444.0 444.1 Don't Tell New York, But Crime Is Going Up. 28. City University of New York. December 15–31, 2013. http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/len/2002/12.31/page5.html. Retrieved August 20, 2011. 
  445. 445.0 445.1 Walker, Samuel (May 5, 2010). Sense and Nonsense About Crime, Drugs, and Communities: A Policy Guide. Cengage Learning. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-1-133-00819-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=v0JtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3. 
  446. Langan, Patrick A.; Durose, Matthew R. (October 21, 2004). "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City" (PDF). Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  447. O'Neill, James P. (December 31, 2017). "Crime and Enforcement Activity in New York City" (PDF). City of New York Police Department. Retrieved August 22, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  448. "Table 43". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved December 1, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  449. Broughton, Philip Delves (January 17, 2001). "Livingstone to follow methods of the NYPD". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1318236/Livingstone-to-follow-methods-of-the-NYPD.html. 
  450. "Staying a beat ahead of crime". The Age. November 5, 2002. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/02/1036027090656.html. 
  451. Johnson, Bruce D.; Golub, Andrew; Dunlap, Eloise (2006). "The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs, Drug Markets, and Violence in Inner-City New York". In Blumstein, Alfred. The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86279-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/crime-drop-in-america/rise-and-decline-of-hard-drugs-drug-markets-and-violence-in-innercity-new-york/315DF37242BCBC4201201EB3D5736BCC. ; Karmen, Andrew (2000). New York Murder Mystery: The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-4717-9. https://archive.org/details/newyorkmurdermys0000karm. 
  452. Shurkin, Joel N. (February 13, 2013). "Mystery Of New York's Falling Crime Rate Remains Unsolved". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved July 5, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  453. Drum, Kevin (January–February 2013). "America's Real Criminal Element: Lead". Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/01/lead-crime-link-gasoline?page=1. Retrieved March 3, 2013. 
  454. Lehren, Andrew W.; Hauser, Christine (July 2, 2009). "In New York City, Fewer Murders on Rainy Days". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/03/nyregion/03murder.html. 
  455. Berkey-Gerard, Mark (March 5, 2001). "Youth Gangs". Gotham Gazette. Retrieved December 2, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  456. Gardiner, Sean; Shallwani, Pervaiz (February 18, 2014). "NY Crime: Mafia Is Down—but Not Out - Crime Families Adapt to Survive, Lowering Profile and Using Need-to-Know Tactics". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304626804579363363092833756. 
  457. Ferranti, Seth (August 18, 2015). "How New York Gang Culture Is Changing". Vice. Retrieved December 2, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  458. Special Investigation Report: New York City Transit Authority Subway System Fires (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. October 23, 1985. Retrieved July 30, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  459. "9 Metrotech Center - FDNY Headquarters". Fresh Meadow Mechanical Corp. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  460. "FDNY Fire Academy". New York City Fire Department. The City of New York. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  461. 461.0 461.1 "Nation's Largest Libraries". LibrarySpot. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  462. Schwartz, Meredith (February 22, 2013). "NYPL, Brooklyn Merge Technical Services". Library Journal. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  463. "BookOps". New York Public Library. Retrieved September 20, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  464. "Section 14.I: An Introduction to New York City (NYC) Culture". The Weissman Center for International Business, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College/CUNY. 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  465. New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock; essays by Dore Ashton ... [et al.]. National Library of Australia. 1988. ISBN 978-0-8478-0990-5. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/371497. Retrieved July 1, 2018. 
  466. "Speeches: Tom Christopher Exhibit Opening" (Press release). Consulate General of the United States: Frankfurt, Germany. May 9, 2007. http://frankfurt.usconsulate.gov/frankfurt/speech05092007b.html. 
  467. "Harlem in the Jazz Age". The New York Times. February 8, 1987. https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/magazine/harlem-in-the-jazz-age.html?src=pm. 
  468. Cotter, Holland (May 24, 1998). "ART; A 1920's Flowering That Didn't Disappear". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/arts/art-a-1920-s-flowering-that-didn-t-disappear.html?src=pm. 
  469. "Harlem Renaissance Music in the 1920s". 1920s Fashion & Music. Retrieved June 1, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  470. Gonzalez, David (May 21, 2007). "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21citywide.html?pagewanted=all. 
  471. Harrington, Joe S. (2002). Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' Roll. Hal Leonard. pp. 324–30. ISBN 978-0-6340-2861-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lw9Ccboc5OcC. 
  472. McPheeters, Sam; Karacas, Christy (September 1, 2009). "Survival of the Streets". Vice. https://www.vice.com/read/survival-of-the-streets-137-v16n9. Retrieved June 1, 2012. 
  473. "Free To Dance—About The Film". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  474. "Group Visits". Alvin Ailey Dance Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  475. Bradford, Julie (2014). Fashion Journalism. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-136-47536-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=H2xeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129. Retrieved July 18, 2015. 
  476. Dillon, Susan (2011). The Fundamentals of Fashion Management. A&C Black. p. 115. ISBN 978-2-940411-58-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=3XFMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115. Retrieved July 18, 2015. 
  477. "New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris". Languagemonitor.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  478. Chauvin, Kelsy (March 15, 2019). "15 Things NOT to Do in New York City". Fodor's. Retrieved March 23, 2019. There are more than 8.6 million citizens of New York City, and they're pretty much all in a hurry. They're also shrewd, outspoken, and proudly able to survive in a metropolis that tends to punish the meek. The buzzing subway system alone is a symbol of how this city works: part ballet, part battlefield. Residents and visitors alike can see why New York is considered the greatest city in the world.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  479. Poliak, Shira. "Adjusting To New York City". Sun Sentinel. http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2009-11-19/features/0911180065_1_new-yorkers-fast-paced-big-apple. "Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City demands adjusting." 
  480. 480.0 480.1 Miller, Stephen (2016). Walking New York: Reflections of American Writers from Walt Whitman to Teju Cole. pp. 46, 50, 131. ISBN 978-0-8232-7425-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=tfsmDAAAQBAJ&q=hurrying+feverish+electric+crowds+new+york&pg=PA50. Retrieved May 10, 2017. 
  481. "Dictionary—Full Definition of New York Minute". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved November 1, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  482. 482.0 482.1 "Creative New York" (PDF). Center for an Urban Future. December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  483. "The Metropolitan Museum of Art - General Information". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved September 10, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  484. Welsh, Anne Marie (June 6, 2004). "2 plays + 9 nominations = good odds for locals". The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20040606-9999-1a6tony.html. 
  485. McBeth, VR (September 25, 2006). "The Great White Way". TimesSquare.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2021. Coined in 1901 by O.J. Gude, the designer of many prominent advertising displays, to describe the new light show that beckoned along Broadway, The Great White Way is a phrase known worldwide to describe Broadway's profusion of theaters in Times Square.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  486. Tell, Darcy (2007). Times Square Spectacular: Lighting Up Broadway. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-0608-8433-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=NwaLWFSG3rcC&pg=PA41. 
  487. Allen, Irving Lewis (1995). The City in Slang: New York Life and Popular Speech. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1953-5776-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=j41z0yeKbeIC&pg=PA59. "By 1910, the blocks of Broadway just above 42nd Street were at the very heart of the Great White Way. The glow of Times Square symbolized the center of New York, if not of the world." 
  488. "Broadway Calendar-Year Statistics". The Broadway League. Retrieved July 20, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  489. "About Summer Stage". City Parks Foundation. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  490. "Museum Mile Festival". museummilefestival.org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  491. Kusisto, Laura (October 21, 2011). "Reaching High on Upper 5th Avenue". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204618704576643022038133998. 
  492. "Museums on the Mile". museummilefestival.org. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  493. "New Drive Promoting 5th Ave.'s 'Museum Mile'". The New York Times. June 27, 1979. https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F1FFA395D12728DDDAE0A94DE405B898BF1D3. 
  494. Pogrebin, Robin; Reyburn, Scott (November 15, 2017). "Leonardo da Vinci Painting Sells for $450.3 Million, Shattering Auction Highs". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/arts/design/leonardo-da-vinci-salvator-mundi-christies-auction.html. 
  495. "Christ painting by Leonardo da Vinci sells for record $450M". MSN. Associated Press. November 15, 2017. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  496. Strand, Oliver (July 5, 2011). "Brooklyn Market: Woodstock of Eating". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/dining/reviews/smorgasburg-in-williamsburg-brooklyn-for-food-lovers.html. 
  497. "Pastrami On Rye: A Full-length History Of The Jewish Deli". Public Radio International. The World. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  498. Esposito, Shaylyn (March 15, 2013). "Is Corned Beef Really Irish?". Smithsonian. Retrieved November 27, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  499. Bleyer, Jennifer (May 14, 2006). "Kebabs on the Night Shift". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/nyregion/thecity/14vend.html. 
  500. "27,479 restaurants selected by the Michelin Guide—Top Destinations". Michelin Guide. Retrieved August 24, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  501. "Restaurant Inspection Results (Letter Grades)". New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 19, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  502. Tiedemann, Jennifer (April 8, 2019). "$15-Per-Hour Minimum Wage Isn't What NYC Restaurant Workers Ordered". Goldwater Institute. In Defense of Liberty. Retrieved June 1, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  503. Gleason, Will (March 11, 2019). "Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the world in new global survey". Time Out. Retrieved June 23, 2019. Just look at the Queens Night Market, which began in the summer of 2015 as a collection of 40 vendors serving authentic and affordable international cuisine in Flushing Meadows Corona Park. Since then, it's steadily attracted more and more attendees and, last year, averaged 10,000 people a night. Those thousands of New Yorkers weren't just hungry for new food, but for new points-of-view. "When I first started, it was all about how can we attract people with an event that's as affordable and diverse as possible," says Night Market founder John Wang. "We've now been able to represent over 85 countries, and I'm constantly hearing examples of people branching out and trying things they've never heard of before.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  504. 504.0 504.1 504.2 "Millions Of Revelers Marvel Over Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade". CBS Broadcasting Inc. November 24, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  505. Bryan van Gorder (October 22, 2018). "THE QUEER HISTORY (AND PRESENT) OF NYC'S VILLAGE HALLOWEEN PARADE". Logo TV. Retrieved November 13, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  506. Hilarey Wojtowicz. "Guide to the 2016 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade". The Independent Traveler, Inc. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  507. Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk". In Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben. American Voices. Blackwell. pp. 82–87. ISBN 978-1-4051-2109-5. 
  508. 508.0 508.1 508.2 508.3 Sontag, Deborah (February 14, 1993). "Oy Gevalt! New Yawkese An Endangered Dialect?". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D61438F937A25751C0A965958260. 
  509. 509.0 509.1 509.2 Kit Fox (March 2, 2017). "2017 New York City Marathon Entrants By the Numbers—Applications for the world's largest race were at an all-time high for 2017". Runner's World—Rodale Inc. Retrieved May 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  510. "National Football League Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  511. "Major League Baseball Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  512. "National Basketball Association, Inc. Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  513. "National Hockey League Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  514. "Major League Soccer, L.L.C. Company Information". Hoover's, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  515. Esteban (October 27, 2011). "11 Most Expensive Stadiums in the World". Total Pro Sports. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  516. Baseball: A Film by Ken Burns; Inning 7: The Capital of Baseball (Television Documentary). PBS. https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/capital/. 
  517. "New York Mets—TeamReport". Chicago Tribune. May 30, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-30/sports/sns-rt-bbo-mets-teamreportmtze85ut3w0go-20120530_1_ruben-tejada-new-york-mets-josh-thole. 
  518. "New York Yankees: Facts, History, Stats, and Resources". The free sources. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  519. "How Mets, Colt .45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies". Chicago Tribune. October 8, 1986. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-10-08/sports/8603150967_1_astros-nl-east-amazin-mets. 
  520. "Dodgers Timeline". Los Angeles Dodgers. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  521. "Historical Moments". Dodgers Giants. Retrieved May 31, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  522. "Major League Baseball, Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp". MLB Press Release. May 30, 2012. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120530&content_id=32491896&vkey=pr_mlb&c_id=mlb. 
  523. "Introducing Your Ferryhawks!!". Staten Island Entertainment. November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  524. "Preparations Different for a Home-and-Home Contest". The New York Times. December 22, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/sports/football/for-giants-jets-game-metlife-stadium-preparations-differ.html?pagewanted=all. 
  525. "Owners warm up to New York/New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host". Associated Press. National Football League. May 26, 2010. http://www.nfl.com/news/story?id=09000d5d8184fc83&template=with-video-with-comments&confirm=true. "It's the first time the league has gone to a cold-weather site that doesn't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes. Then the league might OK another bid" 
  526. "Postseason Overview". National Invitation Tournament. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  527. "nycfc.com". Retrieved May 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  528. "Picture-perfect opening for $200M Red Bull Arena in Harrison". Associated Press. March 20, 2010. http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2010/03/picture-perfect_opening_for_20.html. 
  529. "FIFA 1994 World Cup Stadiums - USA - the Stadium Guide".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  530. "FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026™".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  531. "US Open 2015". United States Tennis Association. Retrieved July 6, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  532. "TCS New York City Marathon". New York Road Runners. July 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  533. "Boxer Johnny Tapia's 'crazy life' ends". CNN. May 31, 2012. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/28/us/new-mexico-dead-boxer/index.html. 
  534. Zinser, Lynn. "Olympic Committee Chooses London for 2012 Summer Games",The New York Times, July 6, 2005. Accessed January 19, 2023. "London won the 2012 Olympic Summer Games on Wednesday in a surprising upset over the front-running Paris after ardent last-minute lobbying by Prime Minister Tony Blair..... The British capitalized on a desire to hold the Games in Western Europe and surpassed four finalists, including New York, which was knocked out in the second round of voting, earlier than most expected."
  535. Ted Mann (September 19, 2012). "New Cab Plan Curbs Hybrids". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444165804578006723461956146. 
  536. "Mayor Adams, Trust For Governors Island Unveil Finalist Proposals For Climate Solutions Center". City of New York. October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  537. 537.0 537.1 "Mayor de Blasio Commits to 80 Percent Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050, Starting with Sweeping Green Buildings Plan". City of New York. September 21, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  538. Newman, Andy (July 27, 2010). "Appeals Court Rejects Effort to Create Hybrid Taxi Fleet". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/27/appeals-court-rejects-effort-to-create-hybrid-taxi-fleet/?emc=eta1. 
  539. "Bicycling in New York City: Know the Facts". Transportation Alternatives. Retrieved October 31, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  540. Jervey, Ben (2006). The Big Green Apple: Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-0-7627-3835-9. https://archive.org/details/biggreenappleyou00jerv. 
  541. "2001 National Household Travel Survey: Summary of Travel Trends" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation. December 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  542. Florida, Richard (April 7, 2015). "2015's Most Walkable U.S. Cities". The Atlantic (MSN). https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/2015s-most-walkable-us-cities/ar-AAayJRg. 
  543. "NYC tops list of most walkable cities in America—video narrative by Mara Montalbano". Buzz60, on MSN. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  544. "The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities". MarketWatch. 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  545. Betsy Ladyzhets (April 18, 2018). "Most walkable cities in America". Stacker, via MSN. Retrieved May 18, 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  546. Hamblin, James (June 28, 2013). "The Summer Bicycles Took Control". The Atlantic Monthly. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved June 28, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  547. "2014 NYC In-Season Cycling Indicator" (PDF). City of New York. Retrieved March 15, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  548. "Current Reservoir Levels". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved August 15, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  549. Lustgarten, Abrahm (August 6, 2008). "City's Drinking Water Feared Endangered; $10B Cost Seen". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/new-york/citys-drinking-water-feared-endangered-0b-cost/83288/. 
  550. 550.0 550.1 Winnie Hu (January 18, 2018). "A Billion-Dollar Investment in New York's Water". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/nyregion/new-york-city-water-filtration.html. 
  551. "DEP Announces Major Milestone For Delaware Aqueduct Repair As Tunneling Machine Completes Excavation". nyc.gov. August 16, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  552. Dunlap, David W. (July 23, 2014). "Quiet Milestone in Project to Bring Croton Water Back to New York City". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/nyregion/a-quiet-milestone-in-a-project-to-bring-croton-water-back-to-new-york.html. 
  553. Flegenheimer, Matt (October 16, 2013). "After Decades, a Water Tunnel Can Now Serve All of Manhattan". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/nyregion/new-water-tunnel-can-provide-water-for-all-of-manhattan.html. 
  554. Jim Dwyer (April 6, 2016). "De Blasio Adding Money for Water Tunnel in Brooklyn and Queens". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/07/nyregion/mayor-de-blasio-adding-money-for-water-tunnel-in-brooklyn-and-queens.html. 
  555. "WHO Global Ambient Air Quality Database (update 2018)". World Health Organization. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  556. "Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health". World Health Organization. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  557. "Air Pollution Monitoring". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  558. Navarro, Mireya (September 27, 2010). "Newtown Creek Is Declared a Superfund Site". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/nyregion/28newtown.html. 
  559. 559.0 559.1 "Newtown Creek Clean-Up Efforts". The City Concealed. Thirteen (WNET.org). December 12, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  560. "Forms of Municipal Government". National League of Cities. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  561. "About the Council". New York City Council. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  562. Chan, Sewell; Hicks, Jonathan P. (October 23, 2008). "Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits". The New York Times. http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/23/council-to-debate-term-limits-change/. 
  563. Gibson, Ellen M.; Manz, William H. (2004). Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide (3rd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. pp. 450, 458, 473. ISBN 978-1-57588-728-9. LCCN 2004042477. OCLC 54455036. https://www.wshein.com/media/samples/5268.pdf. 
  564. Durkin, Erin (May 26, 2014). "Councilman Ben Kallos wants city to publish government notices on its website". Daily News (New York). https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/post-city-notices-website-councilman-article-1.1806264. 
  565. "NYSVoter Enrollment by County, Party Affiliation and Status" (PDF). New York State Board of Elections. April 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  566. Shepard, Steven (April 19, 2016). "How New York will be won". Politico. Retrieved January 5, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  567. "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip Codes". OpenSecrets. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  568. "Downstate Pays More, Upstate Gets More: Does It Matter?". The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government—The Public Policy Research Arm of the State University of New York. December 2011. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  569. 569.0 569.1 569.2 "The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 30, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  570. Pisarski, Alan (October 16, 2006). "Commuting in America III: Commuting Facts" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. Retrieved August 30, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  571. "Service Hours". MTR. Retrieved July 31, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  572. "Tsuen Wan Line". TravelChinaGuide.com. Retrieved July 31, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  573. "Train Time Table—Search station". Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  574. "Subway map". Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  575. "Annual Subway Ridership". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved May 21, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  576. Christie, Les (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". CNNMoney.com. https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm. 
  577. "NHTS 2001 Highlights Report, BTS03-05" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  578. The Hardest Working Cities (PDF) (Report). Office of the New York City Comptroller. March 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  579. Weinberger, Rachel; Kaehny, John; Rufo, Matthew (2010). "U.S. Parking Policies: An Overview of Management Strategies" (PDF). Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. p. 62. Retrieved June 11, 2011. New York City is the largest, densest and most transit- and pedestrian-oriented city in the United States. It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car. Despite this, New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters. Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities, and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking (p. 62) ... Nationally 90% of households own automobiles. New Yorkers own fewer at 48% with only 22% of Manhattan residents owning automobiles (p. 78)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  580. "New York City's Green Dividend". CEOs for Cities. April 21, 2010. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  581. Durkin, Erin (January 20, 2015). "Andrew Cuomo announces $450M plan to build AirTrain connecting LaGuardia Airport to the subway". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/cuomo-announces-plan-building-airtrain-laguardia-airport-article-1.2085807. 
  582. Honan, Katie. "Cuomo Announces AirTrain to LaGuardia Airport from Subway, LIRR". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  583. "National Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2013" (PDF). Amtrak. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 10, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  584. Dobnik, Verena (February 7, 2013). "NYC Transit Projects: East Side Access, Second Avenue Subway, And 7 Train Extension (PHOTOS)". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/07/nyc-subway-underground-rail-second-avenue-subway_n_2637601.html. 
  585. 585.0 585.1 "Architect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal's North Wing" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. November 17, 2008. http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1154. 
  586. "Top 100 Transit Bus Fleets" (PDF). Metro Magazine. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  587. "The Port Authority of NY and NJ 2016 Air Traffic Report" (PDF). The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. April 14, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  588. "2011 Year-to-date International passenger Traffic (as of December 2011)". Airports Council International. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  589. Strunsky, Steve (May 31, 2012). "Stewart International Airport upgrade approved as Port Authority aims to increase passenger traffic". NJ.com. New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved July 30, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  590. McGeehan, Patrick (July 27, 2015). "La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021, Cuomo and Biden Say". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/nyregion/la-guardia-airport-to-be-rebuilt-by-2021-cuomo-and-biden-say.html. 
  591. Anna Sanders (September 20, 2016). "Staten Island Ferry ridershilip breaks record". SILive.com. Retrieved December 31, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  592. Zoe Rosenberg (April 17, 2017). "First of New York's citywide ferries arrives in Brooklyn Bridge Park". Curbed New York, Vox Media. Retrieved April 17, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  593. Larry Higgs (September 14, 2016). "This is the new high-speed ferry coming to New Jersey in 2017". NJ Advance Media for NJ.com. Retrieved September 23, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  594. "Yellow Cab". New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  595. Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Hu, Winnie (March 6, 2017). "The Downside of Ride-Hailing: More New York City Gridlock". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/06/nyregion/uber-ride-hailing-new-york-transportation.html. 
  596. DeWitt, Karen (January 10, 2017). "Cuomo pushes for ride-sharing services outside NYC". North Country Public Radio. https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/story/33192/20170110/cuomo-pushes-for-ride-sharing-services-outside-nyc. 
  597. "The Myths and Metaphors of Music and Dance Singin' in the Rain". Hofstra University. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  598. Nordquist, Richard. "What Is Metonymy?". Dotdash. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  599. Plitt, Amy; Ricciulli, Valeria (August 15, 2019). "New York City's streets are 'more congested than ever': report". Curbed. https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/15/20807470/nyc-streets-dot-mobility-report-congestion. 
  600. Barr, Jason M. (September 5, 2019). "Solving the city's traffic nightmares". Crain Communications. https://www.crainsnewyork.com/op-ed/solving-citys-traffic-nightmares. 
  601. Wamsley, Laurel (April 2, 2019). "New York Is Set To Be First U.S. City To Impose Congestion Pricing". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/04/02/709243878/new-york-is-set-to-be-first-u-s-city-to-impose-congestion-pricing. 
  602. Hilburg, Jonathan (July 15, 2020). "Federal government delays NYC congestion pricing by at least a year". The Architect's Newspaper. https://www.archpaper.com/2020/07/federal-government-delays-nyc-congestion-pricing/. 
  603. Robbins, Christopher (July 15, 2020). "Congestion Pricing's Failure A "Shining Example" Of Government Dysfunction". Gothamist. https://gothamist.com/news/congestion-pricings-failure-shining-example-government-dysfunction. 
  604. "Chapter 4: Traffic Control". New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. November 25, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  605. 605.0 605.1 "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey—George Washington Bridge". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  606. 606.0 606.1 Woodruff, Bod; Zak, Lana; Wash, Stephanie (November 20, 2012). "GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/george-washington-bridge-painters-dangerous-job-top-worlds/story?id=17771877. 
  607. "New York Harbor Video—How the Earth Was Made". History.com. Retrieved January 16, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  608. "Longest Suspension Bridges in the World". Pearson Education. Retrieved September 7, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  609. "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge". Eastern Roads. Retrieved September 7, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  610. New York Architecture Images-Manhattan Bridge. Nyc-architecture.com (December 31, 1909). Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  611. New York Architecture Images. Nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  612. "Lincoln Tunnel Historic Overview". Eastern Roads. Retrieved August 13, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  613. Holland Tunnel (I-78). Nycroads.com. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  614. "Holland Tunnel". National Historic Landmark Quicklinks. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  615. "Queens-Midtown Tunnel Historic Overview". Eastern Roads. Retrieved August 13, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  616. "President the 'First' to Use Midtown Tube; Precedence at Opening Denied Hundreds of Motorists". The New York Times: pp. 19. November 9, 1940. https://www.nytimes.com/1940/11/09/archives/president-the-first-to-use-midtown-tube-precedence-at-opening.html. 
  617. Fried, Ben (November 9, 2009). "Count on It: NYC Bike Commuting Climbs 26 Percent". streetsblog.org. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009. Retrieved February 26, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  618. 618.0 618.1 Hu, Winnie (July 30, 2017). "More New Yorkers Opting for Life in the Bike Lane". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  619. Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (October 28, 2019). "After Spike in Deaths, New York to Get 250 Miles of Protected Bike Lanes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/nyregion/nyc-biking-deaths-lanes.html. 
  620. "History". www.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on February 27, 2003. Retrieved March 22, 2022.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  621. "NYC's Partner Cities". The City of New York. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  622. "K1084-2011: Recognizing Yunnan Province and Chongqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China as a "Sister City" with New York City". New York State Senate. Retrieved December 16, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  623. "KL's Sister Cities". poskod.my. October 21, 2010. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  624. "(Israel) Sister Cities". Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Further reading[]

External links[]

Preceded by
Trenton, New Jersey
Capital of the United States
of America

1785–1791
Succeeded by
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

Template:New York City Historic Sites Template:Navboxes Template:Northeast US Template:Subject bar Template:Authority control {{#related:Manhattan}} {{#related:List of United States cities by population}} {{#related:New York}}

Advertisement