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Minneapolis

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This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other uses, see Minneapolis (disambiguation).

Minneapolis, Minnesota
City
City of Minneapolis
Clockwise from top left: Downtown Minneapolis at night, U.S. Bank Stadium, the skyline from Lake Nokomis, Minneapolis skyline and Minnehaha Falls
Clockwise from top left: Downtown Minneapolis at night, U.S. Bank Stadium, the skyline from Lake Nokomis, Minneapolis skyline and Minnehaha Falls
Flag of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Flag
Official seal of Minneapolis, Minnesota
Seal
Etymology: Dakota word mni (water) with Greek polis (city)
Nickname(s): 
"City of Lakes", "Mill City", "Twin Cities" (a nickname shared with Saint Paul), "Mini Apple"
Motto(s): 
En Avant (French: 'Forward')
Location in Hennepin County and the U.S. state of Minnesota
Location in Hennepin County and the U.S. state of Minnesota
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Coordinates: 44°59′N 93°16′W / 44.983°N 93.267°W / 44.983; -93.267Coordinates: 44°59′N 93°16′W / 44.983°N 93.267°W / 44.983; -93.267
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CountryUnited States
StateMinnesota
CountyHennepin
Incorporated1867
Founded byJohn H. Stevens and Franklin Steele
Government
 • TypeWeak mayor–council
 • BodyMinneapolis City Council
 • MayorJacob Frey
 • Council PresidentLisa Bender
Area
 • City58.4 sq mi (151.3 km2)
 • Land54.9 sq mi (142.2 km2)
 • Water3.5 sq mi (9.1 km2)
Elevation
830 ft (264 m)
Population
 (2010)[2]
 • City382,578
 • Estimate 
(2016)[3]
413,651
 • RankUS: 46th MN: 1st
 • Density7,660/sq mi (2,959/km2)
 • Metro
3,551,036 (US: 16th)[1]
 • CSA
4,197,883 (US: 14th)
Demonym(s)Minneapolitan
Time zoneUTC–6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC–5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
55401–55488 (range includes some ZIP Codes for Minneapolis suburbs)
Area code(s)612
FIPS code27-43000
GNIS feature ID0655030[4]
Websitewww.minneapolismn.gov

Minneapolis (Listeni/ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/) is the county seat of Hennepin County,[5] and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.[2] As of 2016, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States, with an estimated population of 413,651.[3] The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis, its neighbor Saint Paul, and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.5 million people, and is the second-largest economic center in the Midwest.[6]

Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. The city is abundantly rich in water, with 13 lakes, wetlands, the Mississippi River, creeks and waterfalls; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber. The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing America's tenth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies.[7][8] As an integral link to the global economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city, with strengths in business, medicine, sports, manufacturing, culture, education, and research.[9]

Minneapolis has one of the largest LGBT populations in the U.S. in terms of its number of openly gay politicians, gay wedding ceremonies, pride events and gay-inclusive religious organizations, relative to the size of the total population of the city.[10] Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. Reflecting the region's status as an epicenter of folk, funk, and alternative rock music, the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century's most influential musicians, including Bob Dylan and Prince.[11]

The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the city's first schoolmaster, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[12][13]

History[]

Main article: History of Minneapolis

Sioux natives, city founded[]

File:Little Crow-cropped image.jpg

Taoyateduta was among the 121 Sioux leaders who from 1837 to 1851 ceded the land where Minneapolis developed.[14]

File:Loaders-Pillsbury-Minneapolis.jpg

Loading flour, Pillsbury, 1939

Native American Dakota Sioux were the region's sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time, amicable relations were based on fur trading. Gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota.

In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France. It gradually established posts here. Fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the East to settle here. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippi's west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the east-bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[15]

Waterpower; lumber and flour milling[]

Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River and a source of power for its early industry. Forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and planing wood.[16] Due to the occupational hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s.[17] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city's thirty-four flour mills. Millers have used hydropower elsewhere since the 1st century B.C.,[18] but the results in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen."[19]

File:The Leading Flour-A0327-02.jpeg

Washburn, Crosby Co. advertisement (1880s): From the obverse, "The Leading Flour: We lead: Others follow."

A father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Washburn converted his business from gristmills to truly revolutionary technology, including "gradual reduction" processing by steel and porcelain roller mills capable of producing premium-quality pure white flour very quickly.[20][21] Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray[22] and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre.[21] Charles A. Pillsbury and C.A. Pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods.[21] The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable ($.50 profit per barrel in 1871 increased to $4.50 in 1874[20]), and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best in the world.[21]

Not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran (which contains wheat's vitamins, minerals and fiber) that "Minneapolis... millers routinely dumped" into the Mississippi.[23] Millers cultivated relationships with academic scientists especially at the University of Minnesota. Those scientists backed them politically on many issues, for example during the early 20th century, when health advocates in the nascent field of nutrition criticized the flour "bleaching" process.[21] At peak production, a single mill at Washburn-Crosby made enough flour for 12 million loaves of bread each day,[24] and by 1900, 14.1 percent of America's grain was milled in Minneapolis.[20][21] Further, by 1895 through the efforts of silent partner William Hood Dunwoody, Washburn-Crosby exported four million barrels of flour a year to the United Kingdom,[25] and when exports reached their peak in 1900, about one third of all flour milled in Minneapolis was shipped overseas.[25]

Corruption, social movements, urban renewal[]

File:Gateway District-Minneapolis-a.jpg

The Gateway District in 1939 before it was torn down

Known initially as a kindly physician, Doc Ames led the city into corruption during four terms as mayor just before 1900.[26] The gangster Kid Cann was famous for bribery and intimidation during the 1930s and 1940s.[27] The city made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers.[28]

When the country's fortunes turned during the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted in laws acknowledging workers' rights.[29] A lifelong civil rights activist and union supporter, mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and a human relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities by 1946.[30] In the 1950s, about 1.6% of the population of Minneapolis was nonwhite.[31] Minneapolis contended with white supremacy, participated in desegregation and the civil rights movement, and in 1968 was the birthplace of the American Indian Movement.[32]

Minneapolis was a "particularly virulent" site of anti-semitism until 1950. A hate group known as the Silver Legion of America, or Silver Shirts, recruited members in the city and held meetings there around 1936 to 1938.[33] The Jewish Free Employment Bureau tried to help victims of economic discrimination, with limited success. In 1938, the Jewish Community Relations Council of Minnesota and the Dakotas was established to combat rising anti-semitism, fighting against hate-filled leaflets and anti-Jewish remarks, while also attempting to expose discrimination by real estate agents and employers who attempted to subvert anti-discrimination laws. After years of discrimination towards Jewish doctors, the Jewish community raised funds to create the Mount Sinai Hospital, which opened in 1951. It was the first private non-sectarian hospital in the community to accept members of minority races on its medical staff.[34][35]

During the 1950s and 1960s, as part of urban renewal, the city razed about 200 buildings across 25 city blocks (roughly 40% of downtown), destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture, including the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with sparking interest in (but not always succeeding in) historic preservation in the state.[36]

Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.
Mississippi riverfront and Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left, Pillsbury, power plants and the Stone Arch Bridge. Today the Minnesota Historical Society's Mill City Museum is in the Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are Nicollet Island and the Hennepin Avenue Bridge.

Geography and climate[]

Main articles: Climate of Minnesota, Climate of the Twin Cities, and Geography of Minneapolis
File:Lake Calhoun MN.jpg

View of downtown Minneapolis across Lake Calhoun (Bde Maka Ska)[37]

The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are tied to water, the city's defining physical characteristic, which was brought to the region during the last ice age ten thousand years ago. Ice blocks deposited in valleys by retreating glaciers created the lakes of Minneapolis.[38] Fed by a receding glacier and Lake Agassiz, torrents of water from a glacial river cut the Mississippi riverbed and created the river's only waterfall, Saint Anthony Falls, important to the early settlers of Minneapolis.[39]

Lying on an artesian aquifer[7] and flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 square miles (151.3 km2) and of this 6% is water.[40] Water supply is managed by four watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city's three creeks.[41] Twelve lakes, three large ponds, and five unnamed wetlands are within Minneapolis.[41]

The city center is located at 45° N latitude.[42] The city's lowest elevation of 686 feet (209 m) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River. The site of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the city's highest point[43] and a placard in Deming Heights Park denotes the highest elevation. A spot at 974 feet (297 m) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis, however, is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest ground.

Cityscape[]

The Minneapolis skyline seen from the Prospect Park Water Tower in July 2014
The Minneapolis skyline seen from the Prospect Park Water Tower in July 2014

Climate[]

File:Kites-Lake Harriet-Minneapolis-20070120.jpg

Lake Harriet frozen and snow-covered in winter

Minneapolis has a hot-summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification),[44] typical of southern parts of the Upper Midwest, and is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 4b, with small enclaves of the city classified as being zone 5a.[45][46][47] As is typical in a continental climate, the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is great: 60.1 °F (33.4 °C).

According to the NOAA, Minneapolis's annual average for sunshine duration is 58%.[48]

The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature was 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936 while the lowest was −41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888. The snowiest winter on record was 1983–84, when 8.2 feet or 98.4 inches (250 cm) of snow fell,[49] and the least snowy winter was 1890-91, when only 11.1 inches (28 cm) fell.[50]

Climate data for Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport (1981–2010 normals,[lower-alpha 1] extremes 1871–present)[lower-alpha 2]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 58
(14) 		64
(18) 		83
(28) 		95
(35) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		108
(42) 		103
(39) 		104
(40) 		90
(32) 		77
(25) 		68
(20) 		108
(42)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 43.1
(6.2) 		47.3
(8.5) 		65.9
(18.8) 		80.1
(26.7) 		87.9
(31.1) 		93.3
(34.1) 		94.8
(34.9) 		92.4
(33.6) 		87.9
(31.1) 		79.1
(26.2) 		61.6
(16.4) 		45.5
(7.5) 		96.6
(35.9)
Average high °F (°C) 23.7
(−4.6) 		28.9
(−1.7) 		41.3
(5.2) 		57.8
(14.3) 		69.4
(20.8) 		78.8
(26.0) 		83.4
(28.6) 		80.5
(26.9) 		71.7
(22.1) 		58.0
(14.4) 		41.2
(5.1) 		27.1
(−2.7) 		55.2
(12.9)
Average low °F (°C) 7.5
(−13.6) 		12.8
(−10.7) 		24.3
(−4.3) 		37.2
(2.9) 		48.9
(9.4) 		58.8
(14.9) 		64.1
(17.8) 		61.8
(16.6) 		52.4
(11.3) 		39.7
(4.3) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		12.3
(−10.9) 		37.2
(2.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −15
(−26) 		−9.4
(−23.0) 		3.6
(−15.8) 		21.6
(−5.8) 		34.9
(1.6) 		45.0
(7.2) 		53.2
(11.8) 		50.7
(10.4) 		36.4
(2.4) 		25.3
(−3.7) 		7.6
(−13.6) 		−10
(−23) 		−18.9
(−28.3)
Record low °F (°C) −41
(−41) 		−33
(−36) 		−32
(−36) 		2
(−17) 		18
(−8) 		34
(1) 		43
(6) 		39
(4) 		26
(−3) 		10
(−12) 		−25
(−32) 		−39
(−39) 		−41
(−41)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.90
(23) 		0.77
(20) 		1.89
(48) 		2.66
(68) 		3.36
(85) 		4.25
(108) 		4.04
(103) 		4.30
(109) 		3.08
(78) 		2.43
(62) 		1.77
(45) 		1.16
(29) 		30.61
(778)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.2
(31) 		7.7
(20) 		10.3
(26) 		2.4
(6.1) 		trace 0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		trace 0.6
(1.5) 		9.3
(24) 		11.9
(30) 		54.4
(138)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 8.9 7.4 9.3 10.7 11.5 11.3 10.2 9.7 9.8 9.2 8.7 9.8 116.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.4 6.8 5.4 2.0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.6 5.2 9.3 37.8
Average relative humidity (%) 69.9 69.5 67.4 60.3 60.4 63.8 64.8 67.9 70.7 68.3 72.6 74.1 67.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 156.7 178.3 217.5 242.1 295.2 321.9 350.5 307.2 233.2 181.0 112.8 114.3 2,710.7
Percent possible sunshine 55 61 59 60 64 69 74 71 62 53 39 42 59
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[52][53][54]
Source 2: The Weather Channel[55]

Demographics[]

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
18605,809
—
187013,066124.9%
188046,887258.8%
1890164,738251.4%
1900202,71823.1%
1910301,40848.7%
1920380,58226.3%
1930464,35622.0%
1940492,3706.0%
1950521,7186.0%
1960482,872−7.4%
1970434,400−10.0%
1980370,951−14.6%
1990368,383−0.7%
2000382,6183.9%
2010382,5780.0%
Est. 2016413,651[3]8.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[56]
Main article: Demographics of Minneapolis
Racial composition 2010[57] 1990[58] 1970[58] 1950[58]
White 63.8% 78.4% 93.6% 98.4%
 —Non-Hispanic 60.3% 77.5% 92.8%[59] n/a
Black or African American 18.6% 13% 4.4% 1.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 10.5% 2.1% 0.9%[59] n/a
Asian 5.6% 4.3% 0.4% 0.2%
Other race 5.6% n/a n/a n/a
Two or more races 4.4% n/a n/a n/a

As of the 2010 U.S. census, the racial composition was as follows:[60][61]

  • White: 63.8%
  • Black or African American: 18.6%
  • American Indian: 2.0%
  • Asian: 5.6% (1.9% Hmong, 0.9% Chinese, 0.7% Indian, 0.6% Korean, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.3% Thai, 0.3% Laotian, 0.2% Filipino, 0.1% Japanese, 0.2% Other Asian)
  • Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0.1%
  • Other: 5.6%
  • Multiracial: 4.4%
  • Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 10.5%[62] (7.0% Mexican, 1.3% Ecuadorian, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.2% Salvadoran, 1.3% Other Latino)

White Americans make up about three-fifths of Minneapolis's population. This community is predominantly of German and Scandinavian descent. There are 82,870 German Americans in the city, making up over one-fifth (23.1%) of the population. The Scandinavian-American population is primarily Norwegian and Swedish. There are 39,103 Norwegian Americans, making up 10.9% of the population; there are 30,349 Swedish Americans, making up 8.5% of the city's population. Danish Americans are not nearly as numerous; there are 4,434 Danish Americans, making up only 1.3% of the population. Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish Americans together make up 20.7% of the population. This means that ethnic Germans and Scandinavians together make up 43.8% of Minneapolis's population, and make up the majority of Minneapolis's non-Hispanic white population. Other significant European groups in the city include those of Irish (11.3%), English (7.0%), Polish (3.9%), French (3.5%) and Italian (2.3%) descent.

File:American Swedish Institute-2007-03-18.jpg

American Swedish Institute. Immigrants from Scandinavia arrived beginning in the 1860s.

There are 10,711 individuals who identify as multiracial in Minneapolis. People of black and white ancestry number at 3,551, and make up 1.0% of the population. People of white and Native American ancestry number at 2,319, and make up 0.6% of the population. Those of white and Asian ancestry number at 1,871, and make up 0.5% of the population. Lastly, people of black and Native American ancestry number at 885, and make up 0.2% of Minneapolis's population.

Dakota tribes, mostly the Mdewakanton, as early as the 16th century were known as permanent settlers near their sacred site of St. Anthony Falls.[15] New settlers arrived during the 1850s and 1860s in Minneapolis from New England, New York, and Canada, and during the mid-1860s, immigrants from Finland and Scandinavians (from Sweden, Norway and Denmark) began to call the city home. Migrant workers from Mexico and Latin America also interspersed.[63] Later, immigrants came from Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, and Southern and Eastern Europe. These immigrants tended to settle in the Northeast neighborhood, which still retains an ethnic flavor and is particularly known for its Polish community. Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe began arriving in the 1880s and settled primarily on the north side of the city before moving in large numbers to the western suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.[64] Asians came from China, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Two groups came for a short while during U.S. government relocations: Japanese during the 1940s, and Native Americans during the 1950s. From 1970 onward, Asians arrived from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Beginning in the 1990s, a large Latino population arrived, along with immigrants from the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia.[65] The metropolitan area is an immigrant gateway which had a 127% increase in foreign-born residents between 1990 and 2000.[66]

U.S. Census Bureau estimates in the year 2015 show the population of Minneapolis to be 410,939, a 7.4% increase since the 2010 census. The population grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718, and then declined as people moved to the suburbs until about 1990.

Among U.S. cities as of 2006, Minneapolis has the fourth-highest percentage of gay, lesbian, or bisexual people in the adult population, with 12.5% (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind both Seattle and Atlanta).[67][68] In 2012, The Advocate named Minneapolis the seventh gayest city in America.[69] In 2013, the city was among 25 U.S. cities to receive the highest possible score from the Human Rights Campaign, signifying its support for LGBT residents.[70]

Racial and ethnic minorities lag behind white counterparts in education, with 15.0% of blacks and 13.0% of Hispanics holding bachelor's degrees compared to 42.0% of the white population. The standard of living is on the rise, with incomes among the highest in the Midwest, but median household income among minorities is below that of whites by over $17,000. Regionally, home ownership among minority residents is half that of whites though Asian home ownership has doubled. In 2000, the poverty rate for whites was 4.2%; for blacks it was 26.2%; for Asians, 19.1%; Native Americans, 23.2%; and Hispanics, 18.1%.[66][71][72]

Religion[]

File:2008-0705-BasilicaStMary.jpg

The Baroque-style Basilica of Saint Mary by Emmanuel Louis Masqueray[73]

The Dakota people, the original inhabitants of the area where Minneapolis now stands, believed in the Great Spirit and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.[74] Over fifty denominations and religions and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New England were for the most part Christian Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists.[74] The oldest continuously used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood, was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[75] The first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis was formed in 1878 as Shaarai Tov (though it has been known since 1920 as Temple Israel); in 1928, it built the synagogue in East Isles.[64] St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897 and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[76] Edwin Hawley Hewitt designed both St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral and Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church on Hennepin Avenue just south of downtown.[77] The first basilica in the United States, and co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Basilica of Saint Mary near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI in 1926.[74]

File:Christ Church Lutheran Highsmith.jpg

Christ Church Lutheran by Eliel and Eero Saarinen is considered an architectural masterpiece.[73]

The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis between the late 1940s into the 2000s.[78] Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Central University and began a television ministry that by the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[79] Today, Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis with about 6,000 attendees is the nation's second-largest Lutheran congregation.[80] Christ Church Lutheran in the Longfellow neighborhood is among the finest work by architect Eliel Saarinen. The congregation later added an education building designed by his son Eero Saarinen.[81]

Religions outside the Judeo-Christian mainstream also have a home in the city. During the mid-to-late 1950s, members of the Nation of Islam created a temple in north Minneapolis,[82] and the first mosque was built in 1967.[83] In 1972 a relief agency resettled the first Shi'a Muslim family from Uganda. By 2004, between 20,000 and 30,000 Somali Muslims made the city their home.[84] In 1972, Dainin Katagiri was invited from California to Minneapolis—by one account, a place he thought nobody else would want to go—where he founded a lineage which today includes three Sōtō Zen centers among the city's nearly 20 Buddhist and meditation centers.[85][86] Atheists For Human Rights has its headquarters in the Shingle Creek neighborhood in a geodesic dome.[87] Minneapolis has had a chartered local body of Ordo Templi Orientis since 1994.[88]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 70% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 46% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 21% professing Roman Catholic beliefs[89][90] while 23% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 5% of the population.

Economy[]

See also: Economy of Minnesota
File:Downtown Minneapolis-20060526.jpg

White U.S. Bank towers reflected in the Capella Tower

The Minneapolis–St. Paul area is the second largest economic center in the Midwest, behind Chicago. The economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce, finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling, food processing, graphic arts, insurance, education, and high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics, computers, precision medical instruments and devices, plastics, and machinery.[91] The city at one time produced farm implements.[92]

Five Fortune 500 corporations make their headquarters within the city limits of Minneapolis: Target, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, Ameriprise Financial and Thrivent Financial.[93] As of 2015, the city's largest employers downtown are Target, Wells Fargo, HCMC, Hennepin County, Ameriprise, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, City of Minneapolis, RBC Wealth Management, the Star Tribune, Capella Education Company, Thrivent, CenturyLink, ABM Industries, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.[94]

Foreign companies with U.S. offices in Minneapolis include Accenture, Bellisio Foods (now part of Charoen Pokphand Foods),[95] Canadian Pacific, Coloplast,[96] RBC,[97] and Voya Financial.[98]

Target Plaza, cropped

Target Corporation's 361,000 employees operate 1,801 stores throughout the U.S.[99]

Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[100] The Twin Cities was ranked as the country's second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and Minneapolis was one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[101]

The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. Measured by gross metropolitan product per resident (Template:Dollarsign62,054), Minneapolis is the fifteenth richest city in the U.S.[102] The area's $199.6 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank thirteenth in the U.S.[103] Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[104]

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the 12 regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[105] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange, founded in 1881, is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[106]

Culture[]

Minneapolis's cultural organizations draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing and music. The community's diverse population also continues to manage a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs, VOLAGs and volunteering, as well as through private and corporate philanthropy.[107][108]

Visual arts[]

Main article: Arts in Minneapolis
File:Walker Art Center.jpg

Walker Art Center

The Walker Art Center, one of the five largest modern art museums in the U.S., sits atop Lowry Hill, near the downtown area. The size of the Center was doubled with an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron, and expanded with the conversion of a 15 acres (6.1 ha) park designed by Michel Desvigne, located across the street from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[109]

File:Rembrandt lucretia.jpg

The Minneapolis Institute of Art is open every day and offers free admission. Rembrandt's Lucretia (1666) is part of its collection of 90,000 objects spanning 20,000 years.[110]

The Minneapolis Institute of Art, designed by McKim, Mead & White in 1915 in south central Minneapolis, is the largest art museum in the city, with 100,000 pieces in its permanent collection. New wings, designed by Kenzo Tange and Michael Graves, opened in 1974 and 2006, respectively, for contemporary and modern works, as well as more gallery space.[111]

The Weisman Art Museum, designed by Frank Gehry for the University of Minnesota, opened in 1993. An addition which doubled the size of the galleries, also designed by Gehry, opened in 2011.[112] The Weisman Art Museum offers free admission[113]. The Museum of Russian Art opened in a restored church in 2005[114] and exhibits a collection of 20th-century Russian art as well as lecture series, seminars, social functions and other special events.

USA Today voted the Northeast Minneapolis Arts District as the nation's best art district in 2015, citing 400 independent artists, a center at the Northrup King Building, and recurring annual events like Art-A-Whirl every spring, and the Fine Arts Show Art Attack and Casket Arts Quad's Cache open studio events in November.[115][116]

Theater and performing arts[]

Minneapolis has been a cultural center for theatrical performances since the mid 1800s. Early theaters included the Pence Opera House,[117] the Academy of Music, the Grand Opera House, the Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894.[118]

The city is second only to New York City in terms of live theater per capita[119] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S., after New York City and Chicago. Theater companies and troupes such as the Illusion, Jungle, Mixed Blood, Penumbra, Mu Performing Arts, Bedlam Theatre, Blackout Improv, HUGE Improv Theater, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Red Eye Theater, Skewed Visions, Theater Latté Da, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre, Lundstrum Center for the Performing Arts and the Children's Theatre Company are based in Minneapolis.[120]

The Guthrie Theater, the area's largest theater company, occupies a three-stage complex overlooking the Mississippi, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel.[111] The company was founded in 1963 by Sir Tyrone Guthrie as a prototype alternative to Broadway, and it produces a wide variety of shows throughout the year.[121] Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatres vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue, which are now used for concerts and plays.[122] A fourth renovated theater, the former Shubert, joined with the Hennepin Center for the Arts to become the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts, home to more than one dozen performing arts groups.[123][124] The city is home to Minnesota Fringe Festival, the largest nonjuried performing arts festival in the U.S.[125]

Music[]

File:Prince by jimieye-crop.jpg

Recording artist Prince studied at the Minnesota Dance Theatre through the Minneapolis Public Schools.[126]

The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince was born in Minneapolis, lived in the area most of his life, and became Rolling Stone's 27th greatest artist of the rock era.[127][128] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone Records,[129] he helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry prominent venues for both artists and audiences.[130] Other prominent artists from Minneapolis include Hüsker Dü and The Replacements—who were pivotal in the U.S. alternative rock boom during the 1990s. The Replacements' frontman, Paul Westerberg, developed a successful solo career, as did Hüsker Dü's Bob Mould.[131]

The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä[132]—a critic writing for The New Yorker in 2010 described it as "the greatest orchestra in the world."[133] In 2013, the orchestra received a Grammy nomination for its recording of "Sibelius: Symphonies Nos. 2 & 5" and it won a Grammy Award in 2014 for "Sibelius: Symphonies Nos 1 & 4".[134][135] Vänskä departed in 2013 when a labor dispute remained unresolved and forced the cancellation of concerts scheduled for Carnegie Hall.[136] After a 15-month lockout, a contract settlement resulted in the return of the performers, including Vänskä, to Orchestra Hall in January 2014.[137]

File:Doomtree-First Avenue-2010.jpg

Doomtree playing First Avenue in 2010

Tom Waits released two songs about the city, "Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis" (Blue Valentine (1978)) and "9th & Hennepin" (Rain Dogs (1985)), while Lucinda Williams recorded "Minneapolis" (World Without Tears (2003)). In 2008, the century-old MacPhail Center for Music opened a new facility designed by James Dayton.[138]

Home to the MN Spoken Word Association and independent hip hop label Rhymesayers Entertainment, the city has garnered attention for rap, hip hop and its spoken word community.[139] Underground Minnesota hip hop acts like Atmosphere and Manny Phesto frequently comment about the city and Minnesota in song lyrics.[140][141]

Locally and internationally recognized Minneapolis electronic dance music artists include Woody McBride,[142] Freddy Fresh[143] (who walks a line with hip hop) and DVS1.[144]

Minneapolis is home to four opera companies, including the Minnesota Opera and the Mill City Summer Opera. In recent years, Skylark Opera Theatre and Really Spicy Opera have also gained national prominence – Skylark for its use of site-specific productions, and Really Spicy for its productions of new musicals and operas.[145]

Literature[]

Minneapolis is the third-most literate city in the U.S.[146] A center for printing and publishing,[147] Minneapolis was the city in which Open Book, the largest literary and book arts center in the U.S., was founded. The Center consists of the Loft Literary Center, the Minnesota Center for Book Arts and Milkweed Editions (the latter is sometimes called the country's largest independent nonprofit literary publisher).[148] The Center exhibits and teaches both contemporary art and traditional crafts of writing, papermaking, letterpress printing and bookbinding.[148]

Charity[]

Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the community.[149] More than 40% of adults in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area give time to volunteer work, the highest such percentage of any large metropolitan area in the United States.[150] Catholic Charities USA is one of the largest providers of social services locally.[151] The American Refugee Committee helps 2.5 million refugees and displaced persons each year in Asili-Democratic Republic of Congo, Jordan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, and Uganda.[152] In 2011, Target Corporation was #42 in a list of the best 100 corporate citizens in CR magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[153] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over nine hundred charitable funds and connects donors to nonprofit organizations.[154] The metropolitan area gives 13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[155]

Cuisine[]

See also: Cuisine of the Midwestern United States § Minneapolis and Saint Paul
File:Spoon and Stable-kitchen-20150818.JPG

Team USA, including Gavin Kaysen (of Spoon and Stable, kitchen pictured), Thomas Keller and Daniel Boulud, won a silver medal in the 2015 Bocuse d'Or.[156]

Minneapolis is home to award-winning restaurants and chefs. As of 2018, six Minneapolis-based chefs have won James Beard Foundation Awards: Alexander Roberts, Restaurant Alma; Isaac Becker, 112 Eatery; Paul Berglund, Bachelor Farmer; and 2008 rising star chef Gavin Kaysen. Also in a venue that has closed, Tim McKee won at La Belle Vie.[157] Andrew Zimmern won in 2010, 2013 and 2017 for Outstanding Personality/Host on Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern and for his Television Program On Location in 2012.[158] In 2014, seven chefs and restaurants in the area were named as semifinalists.[159] When thirteen chefs and restaurants were nominated for James Beard awards in 2017, The Wall Street Journal named Minneapolis one of the ten best places to visit in the world.[160]

Julia Moskin wrote about New Nordic cuisine, chef Paul Berglund and the Bachelor Farmer, and the restaurants La Loma, Tilia, the Red Stag Supper Club, Fika and Haute Dish in The New York Times in 2012. She said Minneapolis chefs served trendy Nordic ingredients like root vegetables, fish roe, wild greens, venison, dried mushrooms, seaweed and cow's milk.[161] Two months later, Bon Appétit featured the Bachelor Farmer, Piccolo, Saffron, Salty Tart, and Smack Shack/1029 Bar, writing about New Nordic cuisine and the Scandinavian heritage of Minneapolis.[162] In 2012 Food & Wine magazine named Minneapolis the nation's best and best-priced new food city.[163] In 2015, profiling chef Gavin Kaysen and Spoon and Stable, Saveur named Minneapolis "the next great American food city."[164] Then, Food & Wine voted Spoon and Stable one of five 2015 restaurants of the year.[165] Minneapolis is noted for its East African cuisine due to a wave of Somali immigration which started in the 1990s.[166] It has been announced that a Native American restaurant by Sioux Chef author and educator Sean Sherman called Owanmi will be part of the Water Works, a park development project overlooking St. Anthony Falls and the Stone Arch Bridge, set to open in 2019.[167][168]

In 2015, Bon Appétit named Spoon and Stable, along with Hola Arepa and Heyday, three of the 50 best places in the U.S. for a meal.[169] In 2015, Spoon and Stable was nominated for a James Beard Award for Best New Restaurant, and Shea, Inc., who designed the Spoon and Stable renovation, was nominated for Outstanding Restaurant Design. Jason DeRusha of WCCO-TV was nominated for his television segment, DeRusha Eats.[170]

USA Today reader's choice 10 Best decided that Minneapolis–Saint Paul was the Best Local Food Scene in 2015.[171] Four fine dining restaurants closed during 2015 and 2016: La Belle Vie, Vincent, Brasserie Zentral, and Saffron.[172][173] Food & Wine named Brewer's Table at Surly Brewing one of its ten 2016 restaurants of the year.[174] Also in 2016, Food & Wine named Eat Street Social, Constantine, and Coup d'État three of the best cocktail bars in the U.S.[175] Young Joni was selected one of the GQ top ten new restaurants and one of Eater's twelve best new restaurants of 2017.[176][177]

Sports[]

Main articles: Sports in Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Sports in Minnesota
Professional sports teams in Minneapolis
Team Sport League Since Venue (capacity) Championships
Minnesota Lynx Basketball Women's National Basketball Association 1999 Target Center (18,798) 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017
Minnesota Timberwolves Basketball National Basketball Association 1989 Target Center (18,798)
Minnesota Twins Baseball Major League Baseball 1961 Target Field (39,500) 1987 and 1991
Minnesota United FC Soccer Major League Soccer 2017 TCF Bank Stadium (50,805)
Minnesota Vikings American Football National Football League 1961 U.S. Bank Stadium (66,655)[178] 1969
File:Moore Perkins Carson Beard 20171004.jpg

Sports Illustrated named Maya Moore of the Lynx (center) their inaugural Performer of the Year in 2017, calling her the greatest winner in the history of women's basketball.[179]

Minneapolis is home to five professional sports teams. In recent years, the Minnesota Lynx have been the most successful sports team in the city and a dominant force in the WNBA, reaching the WNBA Finals in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017 and winning in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017.[180] The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Lynx in 1999. Both basketball teams play in the Target Center.

The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins have played in the state since 1961. The Vikings were an NFL expansion team, and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. The Twins have won 10 division titles (1969, 1970, 1987, 1991, 2002–04, 2006, 2009, and 2010), 3 American League Pennants (1965, 1987 and 1991) and the World Series in 1987 and 1991. The Twins have played at Target Field since 2010. The Vikings have played in the Super Bowl following the 1969, 1973, 1974, and 1976 seasons (Super Bowl IV, Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, and Super Bowl XI, respectively), losing all four games.

The Minnesota Wild of the NHL play in St. Paul at the Xcel Energy Center.[181] The MLS soccer team Minnesota United FC plays the 2018 season in the University of Minnesota's TCF Bank Stadium,[182] and then will relocate to St. Paul in 2019 when Allianz Field opens there.[183]

File:Target Center scoreboard.jpg

Target Center

File:Target Field-20100730.jpg

Target Field

File:US Bank Stadium - West Facade.jpg

U.S. Bank Stadium

Other professional teams have played in Minneapolis in the past. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their league at the time and contributed fifteen players to the Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1920s, Minneapolis was home to the NFL team the Minneapolis Marines, later known as the Minneapolis Red Jackets.[184] During the 1940s and 1950s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city's first in the major leagues in any sport, won six basketball championships in three leagues to become the NBA's first dynasty before moving to Los Angeles.[185] The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, operated in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[186]

The 1,750,000-square-foot (163,000 m2) U.S. Bank Stadium was built for the Vikings for about $1.122 billion, over half financed by Vikings owner Zygi Wilf and private investment. Called "Minnesota's biggest-ever public works project," the stadium opened in 2016 with 66,000 seats, expandable to 70,000 for the 2018 Super Bowl.[187] Two thousand high-definition televisions are dominated by two scoreboards, the league's 10th largest, that together measure 12,560 square feet (1,167 m2) and are each larger than a city house lot.[187] Thanks to a state of the art Wi-Fi network, fans can order food and drink and have them delivered to their seats or ready for pickup.[188] A Vikings' vice president thought that the Vikings' Longhouse bar and concessions area and The Commons park could be attractions to those without football tickets.[189] Still unavailable, season tickets sold out before the 2016 football season began.[190] U.S. Bank Stadium will also feature rollerblading nights and will host concerts and events.[187]

The downtown Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, demolished beginning in January 2014 to make way for U.S. Bank Stadium, was the largest sports stadium in Minnesota from 1982 to 2013.[191]

Major sporting events hosted by the city include the 1985 and 2014 Major League Baseball All-Star Games, the 1987 and 1991 World Series, Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 and Super Bowl LII in 2018, the 1951 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four, the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four, the 2001 NCAA Men's Division 1 Final Four and the 1995 NCAA Women's Division 1 Final Four. Minneapolis also hosted the 1998 World Figure Skating Championships.[192][193][194] Minneapolis has made it to the international round finals to host the Summer Olympic Games three times, being beaten by London in 1948, Helsinki in 1952 (when the city finished in second place), and Melbourne in 1956. The city hosted the 2017 X Games and will host the 2018 X Games, the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game and the 2019 NCAA Men’s Final Four.[195]

Since the 1930s, the Golden Gophers have won national championships in baseball, boxing, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track, swimming, and wrestling.[196] The Gophers women's ice hockey team is a six-time NCAA champion and seven-time national champion winning in 2000, 2004, 2005, 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016.[197][198]

Parks and recreation[]

Main article: Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board
File:Minnehaha Falls on June 22, 2013 - Video 1 of 4.webm

Minnehaha Falls is part of a 193-acre (78 ha) city park rather than an urban area, because its waterpower was overshadowed by that of St. Anthony Falls a few miles farther north.[199][200]

The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed, and best-maintained in America.[201] It is governed and operated by the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board, an independent park district. Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[202] The city's Chain of Lakes, consisting of seven lakes and Minnehaha Creek, is connected by bike, running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians runs parallel along the 52 miles (84 km) route of the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway.[203]

Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the parks system.[204] Today, 16.6% of the city is parks and there are 770 square feet (72 m2) of parkland for each resident, ranked in 2008 as the most parkland per resident within cities of similar population densities.[205][206] In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Minneapolis had the best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[207][208]

File:Twin-Cities-Marathon-2006-Minneapolis.jpg

The 2006 Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon

Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary, is located within Theodore Wirth Park. Wirth Park is shared with Golden Valley and is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York City.[209] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls, Minnehaha Park is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[200] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in The Song of Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century poem.[210]

Runner's World ranks the Twin Cities as America's sixth best city for runners.[211] Team Ortho sponsors the Minneapolis Marathon, Half Marathon and 5K which began in 2009 with more than 1,500 starters.[212][213] The Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and Saint Paul every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids Marathon, a 1-mile (1.6 km), and a 10-mile (16 km).[214]

The American College of Sports Medicine ranked Minneapolis and its metropolitan area the nation's first, second, or third "fittest city" every year from 2008 to 2016, ranking it first from 2011 to 2013.[215] In other sports, five golf courses are located within the city, with the nationally ranked Hazeltine National Golf Club and Interlachen Country Club in nearby suburbs.[216] Minneapolis is home to more golfers per capita than any other major U.S. city.[217] The state of Minnesota has the nation's highest number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per capita. Hennepin County has the second-highest number of horses per capita in the U.S.[119] While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.[218]

Government[]

Main articles: Minneapolis City Council, Neighborhoods of Minneapolis, and Law and government of Minneapolis
File:North Commons party-Minneapolis-20070609.jpg

Spring art party, North Commons Park, Willard-Hay, one of the eighty one neighborhoods of Minneapolis

Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council holds the most power and represents the city's thirteen districts called wards. The city adopted instant-runoff voting in 2006, first using it in the 2009 elections.[219] The council has 12 DFL members and one from the Green Party.[220] Election issues in 2013 included funding for a new Vikings stadium over which some incumbents lost their positions.[219] That year, Minneapolis elected Abdi Warsame, Alondra Cano, and Blong Yang, the city's first Somali-American, Mexican-American, and Hmong-American city councilpeople, respectively.[219][221][222]

Jacob Frey of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis. The office of mayor is relatively weak but has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief of police. Parks, taxation, and public housing are semi-independent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[223] Lisa Bender is the current president of the City Council.[224]

At the federal level, Minneapolis proper sits within Minnesota's 5th congressional district, which has been represented since 2006 by Democrat Keith Ellison, the first practicing Muslim in the United States Congress. Both of Minnesota's two U.S. Senators, Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith, were elected or appointed while living in Minneapolis and are also Democrats.[225]

The Republican Party of Minnesota in January 2014 moved its state headquarters from Saint Paul to the Seward neighborhood of Minneapolis.[226]

File:Minneapolis City Hall 2013.jpg

Minneapolis City Hall

Citizens had a unique and powerful influence in neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinated activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), which ended in 2009.[227] Minneapolis is divided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Some areas are commonly known by nicknames of business associations.[228]

The organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth best overall and second among mid-sized cities in their 2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on indicators of environmental health and their effect on people.[229] Minneapolis has also been cited as one of the most environmentally responsible cities in America.[230]

Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption in local government and crime was common until an economic downturn in the mid-1900s. Since 1950 the population decreased and much of downtown was lost to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a "moribund and peaceful" environment until the 1990s.[231] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The Minneapolis Police Department imported a computer system from New York City that sent officers to high crime areas. Despite accusations of racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime. Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during four years.[232] Politicians debated the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers, providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and helping families in poverty.[233]

From 2006 to 2012, under chief Tim Dolan, the crime rate steadily dropped, and the police benefited from new video and gunfire locator resources, although Dolan was criticized for expensive city settlements for police misconduct.[235] While violent crime dropped (from 6,374 in 2006 to 3,720 in 2011[235]), homicides rose by 105%[236] and rape was at the highest rate among large cities.[237] U.S. News & World Report said in 2011 that Minneapolis tied with Cleveland, Ohio as the 10th most dangerous city in the United States.[238]

Serving until January 2019, Medaria Arradondo is the chief of police.[239] A previous administration faced severe criticism after the police shooting of Jamar Clark who died in 2015. Facing new criticism when an Australian woman was shot and killed by police in July 2017, the resignation of chief Janeé Harteau was secured, and 28-year veteran Arradondo was appointed.[240]

The City Council passed a resolution in March 2015 making fossil fuel divestment city policy.[241] With encouragement from city administration, Minneapolis joined seventeen cities worldwide in the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance. The city's climate plan is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 15 percent in 2015 "compared to 2006 levels, 30 percent by 2025 and 80 percent by 2050".[242]

Education[]

Main articles: Hennepin County Library, Minneapolis Public Schools, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and University of Minnesota
File:Minneapolis Public Library-20080118.jpg

Statue of Minerva in the Central Hennepin County Library downtown

Minneapolis Public Schools enroll over 35,000 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about 100 public schools including 45 elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high schools, eight special education schools, eight alternative schools, 19 contract alternative schools, and five charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. In 2017, the graduation rate was 66 percent.[243] Students speak over 100 different languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[244][245] Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.[246] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than 20 private schools and academies and about 20 additional charter schools.[247]

Minneapolis's collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend 20 colleges, schools, and institutes.[248] The graduate school programs ranked highest in 2007 were counseling and personnel services, chemical engineering, psychology, macroeconomics, applied mathematics and non-profit management.[249] A Big Ten school and home of the Golden Gophers, the University of Minnesota is the fourth largest campus among U.S. public 4-year universities in terms of enrollment.[250]

File:AerialUMN-MPLS012506.jpg

As of 2010, the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis campus above) has the fourth-largest student body of U.S. public 4-year universities.[250]

Augsburg University, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and North Central University are private four-year colleges. Minneapolis Community and Technical College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology and Art Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. St. Mary's University of Minnesota has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs. Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in Minneapolis and some others including the public four-year Metropolitan State University and the private four-year University of St. Thomas have campuses there.[251]

The Hennepin County Library system began to operate the city's public libraries in 2008.[252] The Minneapolis Public Library, founded by T. B. Walker in 1885,[253] faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and was forced to temporarily close three of its neighborhood libraries.[254] The new downtown Central Library designed by César Pelli opened in 2006.[255] Ten special collections hold over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis Photo Collection.[256] At recent count 1,696,453 items in the system are used annually and the library answers over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each year.[257]

Media[]

File:Wcco office.jpg

WCCO-TV on the Nicollet Mall. The channel is named for Washburn Crosby Company (later, General Mills) who purchased the radio station WCCO.[258]

Five major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: Star Tribune, Finance and Commerce, Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, the university's The Minnesota Daily and MinnPost.com. Other publications are the City Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul and Minnesota Monthly monthlies, and Utne magazine.[259] In 2008 readers of online news also used The UpTake, Minnesota Independent, Twin Cities Daily Planet, Downtown Journal, Cursor, MNSpeak and about fifteen other sites.[260]

Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio. In the commercial market three radio broadcasting companies iHeartMedia (formerly Clear Channel), Entercom, and Cumulus Media operate the majority of the radio stations in the market. Listeners support three Minnesota Public Radio non-profit stations and two community non-profit stations, the Minneapolis Public Schools and the University of Minnesota each operate a station, and religious organizations run four stations.[261]

File:KFAI-entrance-Minneapolis.jpg

KFAI radio with studios in Cedar-Riverside is a community station.

The city's first television was broadcast in 1948 by the Saint Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV 5, an NBC affiliate at the time. The first to broadcast in color was WCCO-TV 4, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[262] WCCO-TV, FOX affiliate KMSP-TV 9 and MyNetworkTV affiliate WFTC 29 operate as owned-and-operated stations of their affiliated networks. The city and suburbs are also home to independently-owned affiliates of NBC (KARE 11), PBS (KTCA-TV/KTCI-TV 2), The CW (WUCW 23) and one independent station (KSTC-TV 45).[263]

A number of movies have been shot in Minneapolis, including The Heartbreak Kid (1972),[264] Ice Castles (1978),[265] Take This Job and Shove It (1981),[266] Purple Rain (1984),[267] That Was Then, This Is Now (1985),[268] The Mighty Ducks (1992),[269] Untamed Heart (1993),[270] Beautiful Girls (1996),[271] Jingle All the Way (1996),[272] Fargo (1996),[273] and Young Adult (2011).[274] In television, two episodes of Route 66 were shot in Minneapolis in 1963 (and broadcast in 1963 and 1964).[275][276] The 1970s CBS situation comedy fictionally based in Minneapolis, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, won three Golden Globes and 31 Emmy Awards.[277] Downtown Minneapolis serves as a location in the 1999 video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater.

Infrastructure[]

Transportation[]

Main articles: Transportation in Minnesota, METRO (Minnesota), and I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge
File:Hiawatha Line-Government Plaza.jpg

METRO Blue Line LRT downtown at Government Plaza

Half of Minneapolis–Saint Paul residents work in the city where they live.[278] Most residents drive cars, but 60% of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by means other than a single person per auto.[279] Alternative transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system and most of the city's buses, provides free travel vouchers through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded if, for example, they work late hours.[280]

On January 1, 2011, the city's limit of 343 taxis was lifted.[281]

Minneapolis currently has two light rail lines and one commuter rail line. The METRO Blue Line LRT (formerly the Hiawatha Line[282]) serves 34,000 riders daily and connects the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and Mall of America in Bloomington to downtown. Most of the line runs at surface level, although parts of the line run on elevated tracks (including the Franklin Avenue and Lake Street/Midtown stations) and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) of the line runs underground, including the Lindbergh terminal subway station at the airport.

Minneapolis's second[283] light rail line, the METRO Green Line shares stations with the Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis, and then at the Downtown East station, travels east through the University of Minnesota, and then along University Avenue into downtown Saint Paul. Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14, 2014. The third line, the Southwest Line (Green Line extension), will connect downtown Minneapolis with the southwestern suburb of Eden Prairie. Completion is expected sometime in 2022.[284] A northwest LRT is planned along Bottineau Boulevard (Blue Line extension) from downtown to Brooklyn Park.[285]

The 40-mile Northstar Commuter rail, which runs from Big Lake through the northern suburbs and terminates at the multi-modal transit station at Target Field, opened on November 16, 2009.[286] It uses existing railroad tracks and serves 2,600 daily commuters.[287]

File:Hiawatha Line-bike rack-20061211.jpg

Bike rack on the Blue Line

Minneapolis ranks 27th in the nation for the highest percentage of commuters by bicycle,[288] and was editorialized as the top bicycling city in "Bicycling's Top 50" ranking in 2010.[289] Ten thousand cyclists use the bike lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter. The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles (54 km) of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[290] Many of these trails and bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge, were former railroad lines that have now been converted for bicycles and pedestrians.[291] In 2007 citing the city's bicycle lanes, buses and LRT, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world's fifth cleanest city.[292] In 2010, Nice Ride Minnesota launched with 65 kiosks for bicycle sharing,[293] and 19 pedicabs were operating downtown.[294] In 2016, Nice Ride expanded to 171 stations and 1,833 bikes[295] supplied by PBSC Urban Solutions, a Canadian company.[296]

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Minneapolis the ninth most walkable of 50 largest cities in the United States.[297]

Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways, the Minneapolis Skyway System, link eighty city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants and retailers connected to these passageways are open on weekdays.[298]

Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3,400 acres (1,400 ha)[299] on the southeast border of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves international, domestic, charter and regional carriers[300] and is a hub and home base for Sun Country Airlines, and Compass Airlines. It is also the second largest hub for Delta Air Lines, who fly more flights and passengers out of MSP than any other airline.[301] For terminals serving 25 to 40 million passengers, MSP was named the Best Airport in North America in 2016 and 2017.[302]

Health and utilities[]

File:Minneapolis DID Ambassador.JPG

Minneapolis DID Ambassador

Minneapolis has seven hospitals, four ranked among America's best by U.S. News & World Report—Abbott Northwestern Hospital (part of Allina), Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center.[303] Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Allina's Phillips Eye Institute also serve the city.[304] The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[305]

File:North Memorial AirCare 20161018.jpg

Air ambulance landing at HCMC in downtown Minneapolis

File:Snow-Minneapolis-2007-03-02.jpg

A snow emergency

Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Hospital, where by 1957, more than 200 patients had survived open-heart operations, many of them children. Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.[306]

HCMC opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also known as General Hospital.[34] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center,[307] the HCMC safety net counted 596,397 clinic visits and 109,876 emergency and urgent care visits in 2015.[308] In prior years responsible for about 18% of Minnesota's uncompensated care,[309] HCMC provided much less uncompensated care in 2014 because, after the Affordable Care Act came into effect, its charity care declined more than bad debt went up.[310]

Funded in part by assessments on commercial properties, in 2009 Ambassadors of the Minneapolis Downtown Improvement District (DID) began working on 120 blocks of downtown to improve its cleanliness, friendliness and acceptability of behavior. They are employees of Block by Block, a company in Nashville, Tennessee that serves 46 U.S. cities.[311]

Utility providers are regulated monopolies: Xcel Energy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies gas, CenturyLink provides landline telephone service, and Comcast provides cable service.[312] In 2007 citywide wireless internet coverage began, provided for 10 years by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20 per month and to businesses for $30.[313] The Minneapolis Wi-Fi network earns $1.2 million annual profit and as of 2010 has about 20,000 customers.[314] The city treats and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit. Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off sites.[312] After each significant snowfall, called a snow emergency, the Minneapolis Public Works Street Division plows over 1,000 miles (1,609 km) of streets and 400 miles (643.7 km) of alleys—counting both sides, the distance between Minneapolis and Seattle and back. Ordinances govern parking on the plowing routes during these emergencies as well as snow shoveling throughout the city.[315]

Notable people[]

Main article: List of people from Minneapolis

Sister cities[]

Minneapolis has 12 sister cities, as per Sister Cities International:[316][317][318]

<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>

  • Somalia Bosaso (Somalia) since 2014
  • Iraq Najaf (Iraq) since 2009
  • Mexico Cuernavaca (Mexico) since 2008
  • Sweden Uppsala (Sweden) since 2000
  • Kenya Eldoret (Kenya) since 2000
  • China Harbin (China) since 1992
  • France
Tours (France) since 1991
  • Russia Novosibirsk (Russia) since 1988
  • Japan Ibaraki (Japan) since 1980
  • Finland Kuopio (Finland) since 1972
  • Chile Santiago (Chile) since 1961

On the city's website, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada is listed as a sister city since 1973, but the two are not listed as sister cities in the organization's 2014 membership directory.[316][319]

The city also has an informal connection with:[316]

  • Japan Hiroshima, Japan

See also[]

<templatestyles src="Module:Portal/styles.css"></templatestyles>

  • Community HeroCard
  • List of events and attractions in Minneapolis
  • List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
  • Minneapolis–Saint Paul
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
  • Northeast, Minneapolis
  • Minneapolis, Kansas
  • Minneapolis, North Carolina
  • Off-Leash Area

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. ↑ Official records for Minneapolis/St. Paul were kept by the St. Paul Signal Service in that city from January 1871 to December 1890, the Minneapolis Weather Bureau from January 1891 to 8 April 1938, and at KMSP since 9 April 1938.[51]

References[]

  1. ↑ "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016" (CSV). 2016 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. May 19, 2016. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. May 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. ↑ "NACo County Explorer". National Association of Counties. Retrieved January 23, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ Gullickson, Ryan. "U.S. Metro Economies" (PDF). IHS Global Insight. IHS Global Insight. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Minneapolis". Emporis Buildings (emporis.com). Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  8. ↑ "Cities". Fortune 500 (CNN Money). http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/cities/. Retrieved February 7, 2012. 
  9. ↑ "The World According to GaWC". Loughborough University Department of Geography. 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. ↑ "Minneapolis Named Gayest U.S. City". CBS Broadcasting Inc. January 13, 2011. http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2011/01/13/minneapolis-named-gayest-u-s-city/.  and Advocate.com Editors (2017). "Queerest Cities in America: 22. Minneapolis". Advocate. https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/2017/1/12/queerest-cities-america-2017#slide-4. 
  11. ↑ Rushin, Steve (4 May 2016). "Why Minneapolis Loved Prince, and He Loved His Hometown". =Time. http://time.com/4314125/prince-minneapolis-hometown/. Retrieved 19 September 2016. 
  12. ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA286&lpg=PA286. 
  13. ↑ Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. X Part 1. Minnesota Historical Society. 1905. p. 262. https://books.google.com/?id=NyoUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA262. 
  14. ↑ Kappler, Charles J., ed. (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. II (Treaties, 1778–1883). Washington: Government Printing Office: Oklahoma State University Library. . and "Treaty with the Sioux". September 29, 1837. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and "Treaty with the Sioux—Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands". July 23, 1851. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and "Treaty With the Sioux—Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands". August 5, 1851. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "A History of Minneapolis: Mdewakanton Band of the Dakota Nation, Parts I and II". Hennepin County Library. 2001. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and "A History of Minneapolis: Minneapolis Becomes Part of the United States". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>, and "A History of Minneapolis: Governance and Infrastructure". Archived from the original on 2012-04-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and "A History of Minneapolis: Railways". Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved October 17, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. ↑ Frame, Robert M. III, Jeffrey Hess (January 1990). "West Side Milling District, Historic American Engineering Record MN-16". U.S. National Park Service (via U.S. Library of Congress). p. 2. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. ↑ Hart, Joseph (June 11, 1997). "Lost City". City Pages (Village Voice Media). Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062935/http://www.citypages.com/1997-06-11/news/lost-city/full/. Retrieved October 28, 2013. 
  18. ↑ "History of Technology". HistoryWorld (historyworld.net). Retrieved April 4, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. ↑ Anfinson, Scott F. (1989). "Part 2: Archaeological Explorations and Interpretive Potentials: Chapter 4 Interpretive Potentials". The Minnesota Archaeologist (The Institute for Minnesota Archaeology) 49. http://www.fromsitetostory.org/sources/papers/mnarch49/49a-concl.asp. Retrieved April 3, 2007. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Watts, Alison (Summer 2000). "The technology that launched a city: scientific and technological innovations in flour milling during the 1870s in Minneapolis" (PDF). Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society): 86–97. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/57/v57i02p086-097.pdf. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Danbom, David B. (2003). "Flour power: the significance of flour milling at the falls" (PDF). Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society) 58 (5–6): 270–285. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i05-06p270-285.pdf. Retrieved October 29, 2013. 
  22. ↑ "Crown Roller Mill: HAER No. MN-12" (PDF). Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record. U.S. Library of Congress. p. 10. Retrieved May 19, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ Nestle, Marion; Nesheim, Malden C. (2010). Feed Your Pet Right. Free Press (Simon & Schuster). pp. 322–323. ISBN 978-1-4391-6642-0. 
  24. ↑ "History". Mill City Museum (via Internet Archive). Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Gray, James (1954). Business without Boundary: The Story of General Mills. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 33–34, 41. LCCN 54-10286. 
  26. ↑ Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis In the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 41–47. ISBN 0-87351-725-3. 
  27. ↑ Nathanson, Iric (2010). Minneapolis In the Twentieth Century: The Growth of an American City. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-87351-725-3. 
  28. ↑ Atwater, Isaac (1893). History of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Munsell (via Google Books). pp. 257–262. https://books.google.com/?id=CoVGorZ2vWMC&pg=250#PRA2-PA257,M1. Retrieved April 23, 2007. 
  29. ↑ "1934 Truckers' Strike (Minneapolis)". Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved May 5, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30. ↑ Reichard, Gary W. (Summer 1998). "Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey". Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society) 56 (2): 50–67. JSTOR 20188091. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103059/http://www.mnhs.org/market/mhspress/MinnesotaHistory/FeaturedArticles/5602050-67/index. Retrieved May 6, 2007. 
  31. ↑ "Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  32. ↑ Harry Davis (February 21, 2003). Almanac. Twin Cities Public Television. http://www.mnvideovault.org/index.php?id=7468&select_index=5&popup=yes.  and "American Indian Movement". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. ↑ Weber, Laura E. (Spring 1991). "Gentiles Preferred" (PDF). Minnesota History (Minnesota Historical Society): 167, 172, 182. http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/52/v52i05p166-182.pdf. Retrieved August 21, 2012. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "A History of Minneapolis: Medicine". Hennepin County Library. 2001. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  35. ↑ Weber, Laura. "Mount Sinai Hospital and Foundation, Minneapolis". MNopedia. Retrieved 19 September 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. ↑ Hart, Joseph (May 6, 1998). "Room at the Bottom". City Pages (Village Voice Media) 19 (909). Archived from the original on April 1, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100401180715/http://www.citypages.com/1998-05-06/news/room-at-the-bottom/. Retrieved April 1, 2007. 
  37. ↑ "Lake Calhoun signs updated to include the lake's Dakota name, Bde Maka Ska". MPR News. October 3, 2015. http://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/10/03/lake-calhoun-signs-now-include-bde-maka-ska. Retrieved October 6, 2015. 
  38. ↑ "Water Resources Report" (PDF). Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board. 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  39. ↑ "Mississippi: River Facts". U.S. National Park Service via Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  40. ↑ "Minneapolis". Encarta. 1993–2007. Archived from the original on April 17, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "State of the City: Physical Environment" (PDF). Minneapolis Planning Division via Internet Archive. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  42. ↑ "The 45th Parallel". Wurlington Bros. Press. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  43. ↑ "Minnesota Preservation Planner IX (2)" (PDF). Minnesota Historical Society. Spring 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  44. ↑ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11 (5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. 
  45. ↑ Normals, Means, and Extremes for Minneapolis/Saint Paul (1971–2000) Archived July 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine: Mean of Extreme Mins for January
  46. ↑ Pioneer Press staff (January 24, 2012). "USDA: Milder winters mean some changes in plant hardiness zones". St. Paul Pioneer Press. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721202402/http://www.twincities.com/2012/01/24/usda-milder-winters-mean-some-changes-in-plant-hardiness-zones/. Retrieved July 21, 2016. 
  47. ↑ "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  48. ↑ "Ranking of Cities Based on % Annual Possible Sunshine". NOAA: National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Retrieved January 1, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  49. ↑ Fisk, Charles (February 11, 2011). "Graphical Climatology of Minneapolis-Saint Paul Area Temperatures, Precipitation, and Snowfall". Retrieved February 18, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  50. ↑ "Twin Cities Area total monthly and seasonal snowfall in inches [1883-2016]". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Applied Climate Information System (ACIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 9 September 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  51. ↑ ThreadEx
  52. ↑ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-04-12.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  53. ↑ "Station Name: MN MINNEAPOLIS/ST PAUL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-25.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  54. ↑ "WMO climate normals for Minneapolis/INT'L ARPT, MN 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  55. ↑ "Monthly Averages for Minneapolis, MN". The Weather Channel. Retrieved August 8, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  56. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  57. ↑ "Minneapolis (city), Minnesota". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 From 15% sample
  60. ↑ "Race for the Population 18 Years and Over". U.S. Census Bureau: American FactFinder. 2010. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_P3&prodType=table. Retrieved March 20, 2011. 
  61. ↑ "American FactFinder". Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  62. ↑ "Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino By Race for the Population 18 Years and Over". U.S. Census Bureau: American FactFinder. 2010. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_P4&prodType=table. Retrieved March 20, 2011. 
  63. ↑ GR Anderson Jr (October 1, 2003). "Living in America". City Pages. Archived from the original on April 7, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Nathanson, Iric. "Jews in Minnesota" (PDF). Jewish Community Relations Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2007. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  65. ↑ "A History of Minneapolis: 20th Century Growth and Diversity". Hennepin County Library. 2001. Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved October 17, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Minneapolis/Saint Paul in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000". Metropolitan Policy Program, The Brookings Institution. November 2003. Archived from the original on July 8, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  67. ↑ "12.9% in Seattle are gay or bisexual, second only to S.F., study says". The Seattle Times. 2006. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/zoom/html/2003432941.html. Retrieved March 20, 2009. 
  68. ↑ Gates, Gary J. (October 2006). "Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey" (PDF). Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved February 26, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  69. ↑ Breen, Matthew (January 9, 2012). "Gayest Cities in America". The Advocate (Here Media). Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111015441/http://news.advocate.com/post/15571734525/gayest-cities-in-america-2012?d1dc3120. Retrieved January 10, 2012. 
  70. ↑ Kimball, Joe (November 19, 2013). "LGBT support: Minneapolis and St. Paul rank high in national assessment". MinnPost. http://www.minnpost.com/political-agenda/2013/11/lgbt-support-minneapolis-and-st-paul-rank-high-national-assessment. Retrieved November 21, 2013. 
  71. ↑ "Minneapolis—Saint Paul, MN—WI: Summary Profile". Harvard University. 2007. Archived from the original on September 24, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2008.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  72. ↑ "Key Facts — Trouble at the Core Update". Metropolitan Council. November 7, 2007. Archived from the original on February 20, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Millett, Larry (2007). "AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul". Minnesota Historical Society Press via Amazon Look Inside. pp. 9, 154. Retrieved December 3, 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 "A History of Minneapolis: Religion". Hennepin County Library via Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  75. ↑ "Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church". Yahoo! Travel. Retrieved April 30, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  76. ↑ FitzGerald, Thomas E. (1998). The Orthodox Church. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-96438-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=_F5yntZocGIC.  and "About St. Mary's". St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral. 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  77. ↑ Millet, Larry. AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-87351-540-5. 
  78. ↑ "Billy Graham and the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association — Historical Background". Billy Graham Center. November 11, 2004. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  80. ↑ Austin, Charles M. (August 2013). "20 Largest ELCA congregations in 2012". The Lutheran. http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=11559. Retrieved November 22, 2015. 
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  278. ↑ "Minneapolis/Saint Paul in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000" (PDF). Brookings Institution, Living Cities Census Series. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  279. ↑ Cati Vanden Breul (September 28, 2005). "Downtown Minneapolis named one of 17 best commuting districts". The Minnesota Daily. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  280. ↑ "Guaranteed Ride Home". Metro Transit. Archived from the original on August 26, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  281. ↑ "Amending ordinance relating to Taxicabs" (PDF). City of Minneapolis. 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  282. ↑ "Hiawatha Light Rail is now METRO Blue Line" (Press release). Metro Transit. May 17, 2013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130814061924/http://metrotransit.org/hiawatha-light-rail-is-now-metro-blue-line. Retrieved May 23, 2013. 
  283. ↑ METRO Green Line
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  285. ↑ "Updates on Proposed Blue Line Extension (Bottineau LRT)". City of Crystal, MN. Retrieved December 7, 2017.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  286. ↑ "Central Corridor next steps and timeline". Metropolitan Council. April 2, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  287. ↑ "Ridership Report Archives". American Public Transportation Association. Retrieved December 29, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  288. ↑ Maciag, Mike (October 16, 2012). "New Data Shows Where Americans Bike to Work". Governing.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  289. ↑ "Bicycling's Top 50". Bicycling Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  290. ↑ "Where to Ride in Minneapolis". City of Minneapolis. 1997–2004. Archived from the original on January 28, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  291. ↑ "Stone Arch Bridge". Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board. Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  292. ↑ Malone, Robert (April 16, 2007). "Which Are The World's Cleanest Cities?". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/2007/04/16/worlds-cleanest-cities-biz-logistics-cx_rm_0416cleanest.html. Retrieved April 28, 2007. 
  293. ↑ Lopez, Ricardo (July 2, 2010). "New Nice Ride bike-sharing program a hit – too big of one, local rental shops fear". Pioneer Press (MediaNews Group). http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_15425173. Retrieved July 10, 2010. 
  294. ↑ Scott, Gregory J.. "Rickshaw renaissance". The Journal (Minnesota Premier Publications). http://www.downtownjournal.com/index.php?&story=15401&page=65&category=92. Retrieved February 15, 2011. 
  295. ↑ "Nice Ride Minnesota in Minneapolis | PBSC". Retrieved 2016-09-16.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  296. ↑ Nelson, Tim. "Nice Ride MN gets an upgrade". Retrieved 2016-09-16.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  298. ↑ "Skyways". Meet Minneapolis. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and Gill, N.S. "Skyways: Downtown Minneapolis and Saint Paul Skyways". About.com. About, Inc., The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  299. ↑ "History and Mission". Metropolitan Airports Commission. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  300. ↑ "A History of Minneapolis: Air Transportation". Hennepin County Library. 2001. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  302. ↑ According to Airports Council International, in Squire, Trevor (March 6, 2018). "Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport named Best Airport in North America for second consecutive year". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-st-paul-international-airport-named-best-airport-in-north-america-for-second-consecutive-year/476012933/. Retrieved March 6, 2018. 
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  304. ↑ "Hospitals, Physicians and Organizations". Hennepin County Library. Archived from the original on June 18, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> and "Twin Cities Shriners Hospital". Shriners International. Archived from the original on May 29, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2009. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  306. ↑ Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-8018-6579-4. 
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  313. ↑ "Wireless Minneapolis Frequently Asked Questions". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2007. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  314. ↑ Alexander, Steve & Brandt, Steve (December 5, 2010). "Minneapolis moves ahead with wireless". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on December 9, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101209140054/http://www.startribune.com/business/111286134.html. Retrieved December 5, 2010. 
  315. ↑ "Snow and Ice Control". City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original on February 15, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  316. ↑ 316.0 316.1 316.2 "International Connections (Sister Cities)". City of Minneapolis. January 31, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  317. ↑ Baran, Madeleine (July 31, 2009). "City council approves Najaf, Iraq as Minneapolis' sister city". Minnesota Public Radio. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/07/31/iraq-sister-city/. Retrieved August 1, 2009. 
  318. ↑ "Minneapolis City Council Approves New Sister City In Somalia". CBS. October 10, 2014. http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/. Retrieved October 10, 2014. 
  319. ↑ "2014 Membership Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved December 12, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Further reading[]

  • Thompson, Derek (February 16, 2015). "The Miracle of Minneapolis". The Atlantic.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> "No other place mixes affordability, opportunity, and wealth so well. What's its secret?"
  • Lileks, James (2003). "Minneapolis".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Richards, Hanje (May 7, 2002). Minneapolis-Saint Paul Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 978-1-57145-687-8. 

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