C (musical note)

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see C (disambiguation), Hi-C (disambiguation) and Middle C (novel)

File:Middle C.png

Middle C

C or Do is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (F, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch.

In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only by adherents of fixed-Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.

Frequency

Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.

Octave nomenclature

Middle C

Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C₄ in scientific pitch notation, and c′ in Helmholtz pitch notation; it is note number 60 in MIDI notation.

While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C₄ may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C₅ (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C₄ as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.

On the Grand Staff, middle-C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff. Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef, or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef.

Other octaves

In vocal music, the term High C (sometimes less ambiguously called Top C) can refer to either the soprano's C₆ (1046.502 Hz; c′′′ in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's C₅; both are written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef but the tenor voice sings an octave lower. The term Low C is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to C₂ because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a basso can sing this note easily, whereas other male voices, including bass-baritones, typically cannot.

Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C₃ (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave.

Designation by octave

Scientific designation	Helmholtz designation	Octave name	Frequency (Hz)	Other names	Audio
C−1	C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC	Octocontra	8.176
C0	C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC	Subcontra	16.352
C1	C͵ or ͵C or CC	Contra	32.703
C2	C	Great	65.406	Low C, cello C, 8' C (see organ pipe length)
C3	c	Small	130.813	4' C or tenor C (organ), viola C
C4	c′	One-lined	261.626	Middle C
C5	c′′	Two-lined	523.251	Treble C, high C (written an octave higher for tenor voices)
C6	c′′′	Three-lined	1,046.502	High C (soprano)
C7	c′′′′	Four-lined	2,093.005	Double high C
C8	c′′′′′	Five-lined	4,186.009	Eighth octave C, triple high C
C9	c′′′′′′	Six-lined	8,372.018	Quadruple high C
C10	c′′′′′′′	Seven-lined	16,744.036	Quintuple high C

20,000 hertz is the start of the ultrasound in healthy young adults. Note that for a classical piano and musical theory, the middle C is usually labelled as C₄; However, in the MIDI standard definition (like the one used in Apple's GarageBand), this middle C (261.626 Hz) is labelled C₃. In practice, a MIDI software can label middle C (261.626 Hz) as C₃-C₅, which can cause confusions, especially for beginners.

Graphic presentation

File:Middle C in four clefs.svg

Middle C in four clefs

File:MiddleC-Keyboard.svg

Position of Middle C on a standard 88-key keyboard

Scales

Common scales beginning on C

• C Major: C D E F G A B C
• C Natural Minor: C D E

F G A

B

C

• C Harmonic Minor: C D E

F G A

B C

• C Melodic Minor Ascending: C D E

F G A B C

• C Melodic Minor Descending: C B

A

G F E

D C

Diatonic scales

• C Ionian: C D E F G A B C
• C Dorian: C D E

F G A B

C

• C Phrygian: C D

E

F G A

B

C

• C Lydian: C D E F

G A B C

• C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B

C

• C Aeolian: C D E

F G A

B

C

• C Locrian: C D

E

F G

A

B

C

Jazz melodic minor

• C Ascending Melodic Minor: C D E

F G A B C

• C Dorian ♭2: C D

E

F G A B

C

• C Lydian Augmented: C D E F

G

A B C

• C Lydian Dominant: C D E F

G A B

C

• C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A

B

C

• C Locrian ♮2: C D E

F G

A

B

C

• C Altered: C D

E

F

G

A

B

C

B sharp

File:Comparison of twelve fifths.png

Comparison of notes derived from, or near, twelve perfect fifths (B )

Traversing the circle of fifths can result in a B

that is higher than C by 23.46 cents, the ratio of twelve just perfect fifths (B

) to seven octaves being 531,441 / 524,288, the Pythagorean comma. A B

that is three just major thirds above C is lower than the octave by an interval called a diesis, 125:128 or 41.06 cents.

See also

• Piano key frequencies
• A440 (pitch standard)
• C major
• C minor
• Root (chord)

References

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