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Medium (website)

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Medium
File:Medium (website) logo.png
Type of businessPrivately held company
Available inEnglish (specific publications can be in Spanish, French, and other languages)
Area servedWorldwide
OwnerA Medium Corporation
Founder(s)Evan Williams
ChairmanEvan Williams
CEOTony Stubblebine
IndustryInternet
Products
  • Blog
  • Online publication
Services
  • Blog publishing system
  • Social network
  • Publisher
Employees179 (June 2021)[1]
URLmedium.com
RegistrationRequired to publish and write articles, some articles not behind the paywall are free
LaunchedAugust 15, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-08-15)
Current statusActive
Native client(s) oniOS and Android

Medium is an American online publishing platform developed by Evan Williams and launched in August 2012. It is owned by A Medium Corporation.[2] The platform is an example of social journalism, having a hybrid collection of amateur and professional people and publications, or exclusive blogs or publishers on Medium,[3] and is regularly regarded as a blog host.

Williams, previously co-founder of Blogger and Twitter,[4] initially developed Medium as a means to publish writings and documents longer than Twitter's 140-character (now 280-character) maximum.

In March 2021, Medium announced a change in its publishing strategy and business model. The change is to its mix of paid journalists working on its own publications, to be reduced, versus its support of independent writers, which will increase.[5]

History[]

2012–2016[]

Evan Williams, Twitter co-founder and former CEO, created Medium to encourage users to create posts longer than the then 140-character limit of Twitter. When it launched in 2012, Williams stated, "There's been less progress toward raising the quality of what's produced."[6]

By April 2013, Williams reported there were 30 full-time staff working on the platform,[7] including a vacancy for a "Storyteller" role,[8] and that it was taking "98 percent" of his time.[7] By August, Williams reported that the site was still small, although he was still optimistic about it, saying "We are trying to make it as easy as possible for people who have thoughtful things to say".[9]

Medium has been focusing on optimizing the time visitors spend reading the site (1.5 million hours in March 2015), as opposed to maximizing the size of its audience.[10][11] In 2015, Williams criticized the standard web traffic metric of unique visitors as "a highly volatile and meaningless number for what we're trying to do".[11] According to the company, as of May 2017, Medium.com had 60 million unique monthly readers.[12]

Medium maintained an editorial department staffed by professional editors and writers, had several others signed on as contractors and served as a publisher for several publications. Matter operated from Medium Headquarters in San Francisco and was nominated for a 2015 National Magazine Award.[13] In May 2015, Medium made deep cuts to its editorial budget forcing layoffs at dozens of publications hosted on the platform.[14] Several publications left the platform.

In 2017, Medium introduced paywalled content accessible only to subscribers.[15] In 2017, Medium began paying authors based on how much users expressed their appreciation for it through a like button which each user could activate multiple times.[16] The formula for compensation was soon adapted to also include the amount of time readers spent reading, in addition to the use of the like button.[17]

Medium has brought in revenue through native advertising and sponsorship of some article series.[18] Medium gained several new publishers to host their content on the platform.[19] There was an aborted attempt to introduce advertising to the site, leading to Medium cutting its staff by 50 employees in January 2017 and closing offices in New York and Washington, D.C.[20][19] Williams explained that "we had started scaling up the teams to sell and support products that were, at best, incremental improvements on the ad-driven publishing model", but that, instead, Medium was aiming for a "new [business] model for writers and creators to be rewarded, based on the value they're creating for people".[20] At that time, the company had raised $134 million in investment from venture capital firms and Williams himself.[19]

In 2016, Medium acquired the rich media embedding platform Embedly, a provider of content integration services for numerous websites, including Medium itself.[21] That same year there were 7.5 million posts published on the platform, and 60 million readers used medium.com.[19]

2017–present[]

In March 2017, Medium announced a membership program for $5 per month, offering access to "well-researched explainers, insightful perspectives, and useful knowledge with a longer shelf life", with authors being paid a flat amount per article.[22] Subsequently, the sports and pop culture website The Ringer and the technology blog Backchannel, a Condé Nast publication, left Medium. Backchannel, which left Medium for Wired in June, said Medium was "no longer as focused on helping publications like ours profit."[23]

In October 2017, Williams reaffirmed Medium was not planning to pursue banner advertising as part of their revenue model and was instead exploring micropayments, gratuities and patronage.[17]

In January 2021, Medium announced that it had acquired the social-based ebook company Glose.[24][25][26] In November 2021, Medium acquired browser-based graphic design tool Projector. Projector's team joined Medium and Projector was shut down in 2022. Projector co-founder and CEO Trevor O'Brien became Medium's chief product officer.[27] In November 2021, Medium also acquired audio-based learning platform Knowable.[28]

Medium employees announced their intent to form a trade union with CODE-CWA in February 2021.[29] According to the Medium Workers Union, 70% of eligible employees have signed union cards, representing workers in editorial, engineering, design and product departments.[29] On February 11, they asked management for voluntary recognition of their union.[30] On March 1, the company announced that the Medium Workers Union had fallen one vote short of the number needed for union recognition.[5] During the leadup to the unionization campaign, Medium hired the union-busting firm Kauff McGuire & Margolis and the CEO Evan Williams led small discussion groups in which he urged employees not to join the union.[31]

On July 12, 2022, the company announced that Ev Williams would be stepping down as CEO and transitioning to chairman of the board.[32] Tony Stubblebine, chief executive of Coach.me, took over as CEO of Medium on July 20, 2022.[33][34] On August 11, 2022, Stubblebine announced a layoff of 29 staff members.[35]

User information and features[]

Users[]

Medium does not publish official user stats on its website. According to US blogs, the platform had about 60 million monthly visitors in 2016.[36] In 2015, the total numbers of users was about 25 million.[36]

Platform[]

The platform software provides a full WYSIWYG user interface when editing online, with various options for formatting provided as the user edits over rich text format.

Once an entry is posted, it can be recommended and shared by other people, in a similar manner to Twitter.[8] Posts can be upvoted in a similar manner to Reddit, and content can be assigned a specific theme, in the same way as Tumblr.

In August 2017, Medium replaced their Recommend button with a "clap" feature, which readers can click multiple times to signify how much they enjoyed the article. Medium announced that payment to authors will be weighted based on how many "claps" they receive.[37]

Users can create a new account using a Facebook or Google account. Users may also sign up using an e-mail address, when they are signing up using the mobile app of Medium.com.[38]

Memberships[]

Medium offers users subscriptions to become a member for a $5 monthly or $50 yearly fee. With a Medium membership, access to "exclusive content, audio narrations of popular stories, and an improved bookmark section" is enabled.[39]

Partner Program[]

The Medium Partner Program is Medium's compensation program for its writers. Partner Program writers are paid based on how deeply Medium members read their work. As members read longer, writers earn more. Medium distributes a portion of each member's subscription fee to the writers they read most each month.[38]

Tag system[]

Posts on Medium are sorted by topic rather than by writer, unlike most blogging platforms, including Williams' earlier Blogger.[40] The platform uses a system of "claps" (formerly "recommendations"), similar to "likes" on Facebook, to upvote the best articles and stories, called the Tag system, and divides the stories into different categories to let the audiences choose.[41]

Publications[]

"Cuepoint" redirects here. For audio engineering term, see Cue (audio).

"Publications" on Medium are shared spaces with a homepage on Medium's website that carry articles and blog posts, like a newspaper or magazine.[42] The articles published or saved on it can be assigned editors, and can be saved as drafts.

  • Medium acquired science and technology website Matter in 2013.[43]
  • Cuepoint, Medium's music publication, is edited by Jonathan Shecter, a music industry entrepreneur and co-founder of The Source magazine.[44] It publishes essays on artists, trends, and releases, written by Medium community contributors, major record executives, and music journalists,[45] including Robert Christgau, who contributed his Expert Witness capsule review column.[46] Cuepoint was started in 2014.[47]
  • Medium also published a technology publication called Backchannel, edited by Steven Levy.[48] In 2016, Backchannel was purchased by Condé Nast.[49]

In 2016, Medium hired the founder of the publication Human Parts, which focused on personal stories.[50]

On February 23, 2016, it was announced that Medium had reached a deal to host the new Bill Simmons website, The Ringer.[51] In August 2017 it left Medium for Vox Media.[52]

In 2019, Medium acquired Bay Area website The Bold Italic.[53] Also in 2019, Medium launched seven new publications: GEN (politics, power, and culture), OneZero (tech and science), Marker (business), Elemental (health and wellness), Focus (productivity), Zora (women of color) and Level (men of color).[54][55][56][57][58][59][60]

In 2020, Medium launched Momentum, whose subjects are anti-racism and civil rights.[61]

Board and corporate governance[]

Board members[]

As of June 2020, Medium's board members were:[62]

  • Evan Williams
  • Biz Stone
  • Josh Elman of Greylock Partners
  • Ben Horowitz
  • Colin Kaepernick[63]

Former use of holacracy[]

Medium initially used holacracy as its structure of corporate governance.[64][65] In 2016, they moved away from holacracy because they reported difficulty coordinating large-scale projects, dissatisfaction with the required record-keeping, and poor public perception of holacracy.[66][n 1]

Reception[]

Reviewing the service at its launch in 2012, The Guardian enjoyed some of the collections that had been created, particularly a collection of nostalgic photographs created by Williams.[67] TechCrunch's Drew Olanoff suggested the platform might have taken its name from being a "medium"-sized platform in between Twitter and full-scale blogging platforms such as Blogger.[8]

Lawrence Lessig welcomed the platform's affordance of Creative Commons licensing for user content,[68] a feature demonstrated in a Medium project with The Public Domain Review—an interactive online edition of Alice's Adventures In Wonderland, annotated by a dozen Carroll scholars, allowing free remixes of the public domain and Creative Commons licensed text and art resources, with reader-supplied commentaries and artwork.[69][70]

However, in 2013 the service suffered criticism from writers, with some confused about exactly what it is expected to provide.[71]

A 2019 Nieman Lab article chronicling Medium's first seven years described the site as having "undergone countless pivots", becoming "an endless thought experiment into what publishing on the internet could look like".[72]

Government censorship of Medium[]

Malaysia[]

In January 2016, Medium received a take-down notice from the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) for one of the articles published by the Sarawak Report. The Sarawak Report had been hosting its articles on Medium since July 2015, when its own website was blocked by the Malaysian government. It had reported allegations that money linked to a state investment fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), ended up in Prime Minister Najib Razak's bank accounts.[73]

Medium's legal team responded to the commission with a request for a copy of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission's official statement that the post was untrue, for information on which parts of the article were found false, and for information on whether the dispute has been raised in court. The site declined to take the content down until directed to do so by an order from a court of competent jurisdiction.[74] In response, on January 27, 2016, all content on Medium was made unavailable for Internet users in Malaysia.

The ban has been lifted as of 18 May 2018, with the MCMC stating the ban lift was because "there was no reason (to block the website)" as the 1MDB report has been made public by the government.

Egypt[]

As of June 2017, Medium has been blocked in Egypt along with more than 60 media websites in a crackdown by the Egyptian government.[75] The list of blocked sites also includes Al Jazeera, The Huffington Post's Arabic website and Mada Masr. Medium was made available again in late 2022 as of November 2022.

China[]

In April 2016, Medium was blocked in mainland China after information from the leaked Panama Papers was published on the site.[76]

Albania[]

The Albanian Audiovisual Media Authority blocked Medium in Albania from April 19 to 21, 2020.[77]

Vietnam[]

By the end of 2020, Medium was reported to have been blocked by some ISPs in Vietnam.[78]

Russia[]

Roskomnadzor blocked Medium website and all its subdomains in the Russian Federation on May 31, 2023.[79][80]

Software architecture[]

Medium's initial technology stack relied on a variety of AWS services including EC2, S3, and CloudFront. Originally, it was written in Node.js and the text editor that Medium users wrote blog posts with was based on TinyMCE.[81] As of 2017, the blogging platform's technology stack included AWS services, including EBS, RDS for Aurora, and Route 53; its image server was written in Go, and the main app servers were still written in Node.[82]

See also[]

  • Substack

Notes[]

References[]

  1. ↑ Mascarenhas, Natasha (2021-06-03). "Medium sees more employee exits after CEO publishes 'culture memo'". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-09-22. {{cite web}}:
  2. ↑ "A Medium Corp – Company Profile and News – Bloomberg Markets". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 15, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  3. ↑ Sussman, Ed. "The New Rules of Social Journalism". Pando Daily. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014. {{cite web}}:
  4. ↑ Madrigal, Alexis C. (August 23, 2013). "What Is Medium?". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 8, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Robertson, Katie (March 23, 2021). "Medium Offers Buyouts to Editorial Employees". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/business/media/medium-editorial-buyout.html. 
  6. ↑ Letzing, John (August 15, 2012). "Twitter Founders Unveil New Publishing 'Medium'". The Wall Street Journal. https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2012/08/15/twitter-founders-unveil-new-publishing-medium/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taylor, Colleen (April 5, 2013). "Williams, Biz Stone, And Jason Goldman Shift Focus To Individual Startups". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. {{cite web}}:
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Olanoff, Drew (November 15, 2012). "Ev Williams Takes To Medium To Discuss The True Purpose Of His New Publishing Tool". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. {{cite web}}:
  9. ↑ Stone, Brad (August 22, 2013). "Twitter Co-Creator Ev Williams Stretches the Medium". http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-22/twitter-co-creator-ev-williams-stretches-the-medium. 
  10. ↑ "Medium's metric that matters: Total Time Reading". Data Lab. November 21, 2013. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hempel, Jessi (April 14, 2015). "Ev Williams' Rules for Quality Content in the Clickbait Age" (in en-US). Wired. https://www.wired.com/2015/04/ev-williams-rules-quality-content-clickbait-age/. Retrieved March 10, 2017. 
  12. ↑ Streitfeld, David (May 20, 2017). "'The Internet Is Broken': @ev Is Trying to Salvage It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/20/technology/evan-williams-medium-twitter-internet.html. 
  13. ↑ "National Magazine Awards 2015 Winners Announced | ASME". magazine.org. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  14. ↑ Weissman, Cale Guthrie. "Medium budget cuts and restructuring". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/medium-budget-cuts-and-restructuring-2015-6. Retrieved September 16, 2017. 
  15. ↑ LeFebvre, Rob (October 10, 2017). "Medium expands its reading subscription to any author or publisher". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2017/10/10/medium-expands-reading-subscription-any-author-publisher/. Retrieved March 10, 2019. 
  16. ↑ Kastrenakes, Jacob (August 22, 2017). "Medium will now pay writers based on how many claps they get". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Ha, Anthony (October 10, 2017). "Medium now lets anyone publish behind its paywall". TechCrunch. http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/10/10/medium-opens-up-its-partner-program-allowing-anyone-to-publish-behind-its-paywall/. [dead link]
  18. ↑ Meyer, Robinson (June 16, 2016). "The Forrest Gump of the Internet". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/06/ev-williams-is-the-forrest-gump-of-the-internet/486899/. Retrieved March 10, 2019. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Bort, Julie (2017). "Inside Medium's meltdown: How an idealistic Silicon Valley founder raised $134 million to change journalism, then crashed into reality". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-meltdown-of-evan-williams-startup-medium-2017-2. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Williams, Evan (January 4, 2017). "Renewing Medium's focus". Medium. https://blog.medium.com/renewing-mediums-focus-98f374a960be. 
  21. ↑ Yeung, Ken (August 2, 2016). "Medium acquires rich media embedding API platform Embedly". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  22. ↑ Owen, Laura Hazard (March 22, 2017). "'Media is broken', so Medium's launching a $5/month member program that offers small upgrades". Nieman Lab. http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/03/media-is-broken-so-mediums-launching-a-5month-member-program-that-offers-small-upgrades/. 
  23. ↑ Grinapol, Corinne (June 12, 2017). "Like The Ringer Before It, Backchannel Is Leaving Medium". AdWeek. http://www.adweek.com/digital/like-the-ringer-before-it-backchannel-is-leaving-medium/. 
  24. ↑ Clark, Mitchell (January 15, 2021). "Medium acquires ebook company Glose". The Verge. Retrieved January 18, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  25. ↑ Roston, Sandee (January 15, 2021). "Medium acquires social ebook platform Glose". Medium. Retrieved January 18, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  26. ↑ Flynn, Kerry (January 14, 2021). "Before Substack, there was Medium — and its network is about to get bigger". CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  27. ↑ Dillet, Romain (2021-11-09). "Medium snatches up Projector and beefs up management team". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-09-23. {{cite web}}:
  28. ↑ Silberling, Amanda (2021-11-16). "Medium acquires Knowable to bring audio to the platform". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-09-23. {{cite web}}:
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Flynn, Kerry (February 11, 2021). "Unions are becoming ubiquitous in digital media. Medium is the latest". CNN. Retrieved February 21, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  30. ↑ Kimball, Whitney (November 2, 2021). "Medium Workers Board the Union Train". Gizmodo. Retrieved February 21, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  31. ↑ Ongweso, Edward Jr. (March 23, 2021). "Medium Tells Journalists to Feel Free to Quit After Busting Union Drive" (in en). Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/5dp7y3/medium-tells-journalists-to-feel-free-to-quit-after-busting-union-drive. 
  32. ↑ Benjamin Mullin (July 12, 2022). "Evan Williams Is Stepping Down as C.E.O. of Medium". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/12/business/media/evan-williams-leaving-medium.html. 
  33. ↑ Loizos, Connie (July 12, 2022). "Ev Williams calls it quits as CEO of Medium". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/12/ev-williams-is-stepping-down-as-ceo-of-medium-after-more-than-11-years-at-the-helm. 
  34. ↑ Roston, Sandee (July 12, 2022). "Medium names technology and digital media veteran Tony Stubblebine CEO; founder Ev Williams transitions to Chairman of the Board". Medium. Retrieved July 12, 2022. {{cite web}}:
  35. ↑ Stubblebine, Tony (August 11, 2022). "News about Medium Staff". Medium. Retrieved August 12, 2022. {{cite web}}:
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Medium grows 140% to 60 million monthly visitors". venturebeat.com. December 14, 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  37. ↑ Kastrenakes, Jacob (August 22, 2017). "Medium will now pay writers based on how many claps they get". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Medium Login FAQ". medium.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2014. {{cite web}}:
  39. ↑ "How Much Money Can You Make Writing for Medium?". Medium Support. Retrieved June 28, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  40. ↑ Shontell, Alyson (August 15, 2012). "The Cofounders Of Twitter Launch A New Blog Platform, Medium". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/biz-stone-evan-williams-and-jason-goldman-launch-medium-2012-8. 
  41. ↑ Arthur, Heather (2021-02-10). "Mapping Medium's Tags" (in en). Medium. https://medium.engineering/mapping-mediums-tags-1b9a78d77cf0. 
  42. ↑ "Getting started with a Medium publication". Medium. Retrieved December 7, 2022. {{cite web}}:
  43. ↑ Butcher, Mike (April 17, 2013). "Medium Acquires Matter As Long-Form Journalism Site Joins Evan Williams Startup". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  44. ↑ Randall Roberts (September 12, 2014). "Column: Friday Coda: Grampa and Grandmaster Flash, U2, Neil Young's mermaid". The Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-friday-coda-grandpa-grandmaster-flash-u2-neils-new-mermaid-more-20140912-column.html. "new online publication Cuepoint .. edited by Jonathan Shecter" 
  45. ↑ "music producer JONATHAN SHECTER and musician/producer DAN FREEMAN: Entrepreneurship in the Digital Music Industry". The Office for the Arts at Harvard. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  46. ↑ "Welcome to Expert Witness, a New Weekly Column by the Dean of American Rock Critics". Vice. August 14, 2015. Archived from the original on August 15, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  47. ↑ Shecter, Jonathan (April 10, 2016). "We're All DJs Now". Medium. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  48. ↑ Levy, Steven (October 7, 2014). "Why I Started Backchannel". Medium. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  49. ↑ Levy, Steven. "There is One Story. We're Still On It.". Wired. https://backchannel.com/there-is-one-story-were-still-on-it-d24c90a35d3d#.hy538gaf6. 
  50. ↑ Medium Staff (2020-04-20). "Meet the Medium "Elevators"". Medium. Retrieved 2020-07-19. {{cite web}}:
  51. ↑ Lichty, Edward (February 23, 2016). "Medium: Home of The Ringer". Medium. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016. {{cite web}}:
  52. ↑ Spangler, Todd (May 30, 2017). "Bill Simmons' The Ringer Inks Advertising, Tech Pact With Vox Media" (in en-US). Variety. https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/bill-simmons-vox-media-advertising-technology-1202447469/. 
  53. ↑ Constine, Josh (February 12, 2019). "Medium buys Bay Area mag The Bold Italic to add to its paywall". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  54. ↑ Vaughan, Brendan (June 12, 2019). "Introducing GEN". Medium. {{cite web}}:
  55. ↑ "OneZero Debuts As Medium's New Tech And Science Publication". State of Digital Publishing. March 1, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  56. ↑ Roush, Chris (September 10, 2019). "Medium launches biz magazine Marker". Talking Biz News. https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/medium-launches-biz-magazine-marker/. 
  57. ↑ O'Connor, Siobhan (April 10, 2019). "Your Health and Wellness Are Elemental". Medium. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  58. ↑ Sen, Indrani (June 19, 2019). "Welcome to Forge". Medium. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  59. ↑ Luca, Vanessa K. De (June 10, 2019). "Welcome to ZORA". Medium. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  60. ↑ "Ex-Vibe Editor Jermaine Hall Launches Level, a New Culture Publication". Variety. December 3, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  61. ↑ Shieber, Jonathan (June 18, 2020). "Colin Kaepernick joins Medium board of directors and inks partnership publishing deal". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 19, 2020. {{cite web}}:
  62. ↑ Spangler, Todd (June 18, 2020). "Colin Kaepernick Elected to Board of Medium as Blogging Platform's First Director Who Is a Person of Color". Variety. https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/colin-kaepernick-medium-board-anti-racist-content-1234641439/. 
  63. ↑ Schieber, Jonathan (June 18, 2020). "Colin Kaepernick Joins Medium Board of Directors". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/18/colin-kaepernick-joins-medium-board-of-directors-and-inks-partnership-publishing-deal/. 
  64. ↑ Stirman, Jason. "How Medium Is Building a New Kind of Company with No Managers". First Round Review. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  65. ↑ Boyd, Stowe (August 7, 2013). "Medium has no "people managers" and operates as a "holacracy"". GigaOm. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  66. ↑ Doyle, Andy (March 4, 2016). "Management and Organization at Medium". Medium Blog. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  67. ↑ Halliday, Josh (August 15, 2012). "Twitter founders launch two new websites, Medium and Branch". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/aug/15/twitter-founders-new-branch-medium. 
  68. ↑ "Why I'm Excited for Medium's Partnership with Creative Commons". Medium. May 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  69. ↑ Park, Jane (July 28, 2015). "Happy 150th, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland!". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  70. ↑ "About 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'". Medium.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015. {{cite web}}:
  71. ↑ Dalenberg, Alex (August 23, 2013). "Mysterious Medium has writers moderately freaked out". Upstart Business Journal. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2017. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  72. ↑ Hazard Owen, Laura (March 25, 2019). "The long, complicated, and extremely frustrating history of Medium, 2012–present". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  73. ↑ Yi, Beh Lih (July 20, 2015). "Sarawak Report whistle blowing website blocked by Malaysia after PM allegations" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/20/sarawak-report-whistleblowing-website-blocked-by-malaysia-over-pm-allegations. 
  74. ↑ Legal, Medium (January 26, 2016). "The Post Stays Up". Medium. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016. {{cite web}}:
  75. ↑ "Egypt bans Medium as media crackdown widens". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  76. ↑ Millward, Steven (April 15, 2016). "Medium is now blocked in China". Tech In Asia. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018. {{cite web}}:
  77. ↑ Taylor, Alice Elizabeth (April 20, 2020). "Popular Blogging Site 'Medium' Blocked in Albania". Exit-al. https://exit.al/en/2020/04/20/popular-blogging-site-medium-blocked-in-albania/. 
  78. ↑ tế, Tinh. "Website Medium không truy cập được là do website chết hay chặn ip Việt Nam nhỉ? | Tinh tế". Tinhte.vn . Retrieved January 23, 2022. {{cite web}}:
  79. ↑ "The registry of blocked websites in Russia". May 31, 2023. {{cite web}}:
  80. ↑ "Medium platform blocked in Russia". June 1, 2023. {{cite web}}:
  81. ↑ "The Stack That Helped Medium Scale To 2.6 Millennia Of Reading Time - Medium | StackShare". StackShare. https://stackshare.io/medium/the-stack-that-helped-medium-scale-to-2-6-millennia-of-reading-time. 
  82. ↑ "Medium.com tech stack". StackShare. https://stackshare.io/medium/medium-com. 

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