Planet Venus in alignment with Mercury (above) and the Moon (below)
Lucifer[1] is the name of various figures in folklore associated with the planet Venus. Due to the unique movements and discontinuous appearances of Venus in the sky, traditional narratives surrounding these figures often involved a fall from the heavens to Earth or the underworld. Originally stemming from a son of the personified dawn, the goddess Aurora, in Roman mythology, the entity's name was subsequently absorbed into Christian folklore as a name for Satan. Modern scholarship generally translates the term in the relevant Bible passage where the Ancient Greek figure's name was historically used (Isaiah 14:12) as "morning star" or "shining one" rather than as a proper name, Lucifer.[2]
As a name for the Devil in Christian theology, the more common meaning in English, "Lucifer" is the rendering of the Hebrew word הֵילֵל (transliteration: hêylêl; pronunciation: hay-lale)[3] in Isaiah[4] given in the King James Version of the Bible. The translators of this version took the word from the Latin Vulgate,[5] which translated הֵילֵל by the Latin word lucifer (uncapitalized),[6][7] meaning "the morning star, the planet Venus", or, as an adjective, "light-bringing".[8]
As a name for the planet in its morning aspect, "Lucifer" (Light-Bringer) is a proper name and is capitalized in English. In Greco-Roman civilization, it was often personified and considered a god[9] and in some versions considered a son of Aurora (the Dawn).[10] A similar name used by the Roman poet Catullus for the planet in its evening aspect is "Noctifer" (Night-Bringer).[11]
Roman folklore and etymology[]
Lucifer (the morning star) represented as a winged child pouring light from a jar. Engraving by G. H. Frezza, 1704
In Roman folklore, Lucifer ("light-bringer" in Latin) was the name of the planet Venus, though it was often personified as a male figure bearing a torch. The Greek name for this planet was variously Phosphoros (also meaning "light-bringer") or Heosphoros (meaning "dawn-bringer").[12] Lucifer was said to be "the fabled son of Aurora[13] and Cephalus, and father of Ceyx". He was often presented in poetry as heralding the dawn.[12]
The Latin word corresponding to Greek Phosphoros is Lucifer. It is used in its astronomical sense both in prose[14] and poetry.[15] Poets sometimes personify the star, placing it in a mythological context.[16]
Lucifer's mother Aurora is cognate to the Vedic goddess Ushas, Lithuanian goddess Aušrinė, and Greek Eos, all three of whom are also goddesses of the dawn. All four are considered derivatives of the Proto-Indo-European stem *h₂ewsṓs[17] (later *Ausṓs), "dawn", a stem that also gave rise to Proto-Germanic *Austrō, Old Germanic *Ōstara and Old English Ēostre / Ēastre. This agreement leads to the reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess.[18]
The second-century Roman mythographer Pseudo-Hyginus said of the planet:[19]
- "The fourth star is that of Venus, Luciferus by name. Some say it is Juno's. In many tales it is recorded that it is called Hesperus, too. It seems to be the largest of all stars. Some have said it represents the son of Aurora and Cephalus, who surpassed many in beauty, so that he even vied with Venus, and, as Eratosthenes says, for this reason it is called the star of Venus. It is visible both at dawn and sunset, and so properly has been called both Luciferus and Hesperus."
The Latin poet Ovid, in his first-century epic Metamorphoses, describes Lucifer as ordering the heavens:[20]
- "Aurora, watchful in the reddening dawn, threw wide her crimson doors and rose-filled halls; the Stellae took flight, in marshaled order set by Lucifer who left his station last."
Ovid, speaking of Phosphorus and Hesperus (the Evening Star, the evening appearance of the planet Venus) as identical, makes him the father of Daedalion.[21] Ovid also makes him the father of Ceyx,[22][23] while the Latin grammarian Servius makes him the father of the Hesperides or of Hesperis.[24]
In the classical Roman period, Lucifer was not typically regarded as a deity and had few, if any, myths,[12] though the planet was associated with various deities and often poetically personified. Cicero pointed out that "You say that Sol the Sun and Luna the Moon are deities, and the Greeks identify the former with Apollo and the latter with Diana. But if Luna (the Moon) is a goddess, then Lucifer (the Morning-Star) also and the rest of the Wandering Stars (Stellae Errantes) will have to be counted gods; and if so, then the Fixed Stars (Stellae Inerrantes) as well."[25]
The planet Venus, Sumerian folklore, and fall from heaven motif[]
The motif of a heavenly being striving for the highest seat of heaven only to be cast down to the underworld has its origins in the motions of the planet Venus, known as the morning star.
The Sumerian goddess Inanna (Babylonian Ishtar) is associated with the planet Venus, and Inanna's actions in several of her myths, including Inanna and Shukaletuda and Inanna's Descent into the Underworld appear to parallel the motion of Venus as it progresses through its synodic cycle.[26][27][28][29][30]
A similar theme is present in the Babylonian myth of Etana. The Jewish Encyclopedia comments:
- "The brilliancy of the morning star, which eclipses all other stars, but is not seen during the night, may easily have given rise to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat among the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods ... but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus."[31]"
The fall from heaven motif also has a parallel in Canaanite mythology. In ancient Canaanite religion, the morning star is personified as the god Attar, who attempted to occupy the throne of Ba'al and, finding he was unable to do so, descended and ruled the underworld.[32][33] The original myth may have been about the lesser god Helel trying to dethrone the Canaanite high god El, who lived on a mountain to the north.[34][26] Hermann Gunkel's reconstruction of the myth told of a mighty warrior called Hêlal, whose ambition was to ascend higher than all the other stellar divinities, but who had to descend to the depths; it thus portrayed as a battle the process by which the bright morning star fails to reach the highest point in the sky before being faded out by the rising sun.[35] However, the Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible argues that no evidence has been found of any Canaanite myth or imagery of a god being forcibly thrown from heaven, as in the Book of Isaiah (see below). It argues that the closest parallels with Isaiah's description of the king of Babylon as a fallen morning star cast down from heaven are to be found not in Canaanite myths but in traditional ideas of the Jewish people, echoed in the Biblical account of the fall of Adam and Eve, cast out of God's presence for wishing to be as God, and the picture in Psalm 82 of the "gods" and "sons of the Most High" destined to die and fall.[36] This Jewish tradition has echoes also in Jewish pseudepigrapha such as 2 Enoch and the Life of Adam and Eve.[36][31][37] The Life of Adam and Eve, in turn, shaped the idea of Iblis in the Quran.[38]
The Greek myth of Phaethon, a personification of the planet Jupiter,[39] follows a similar pattern.[35]
Christian folklore[]
Background[]
In the Book of Isaiah, chapter 14, the king of Babylon is condemned in a prophetic vision by the prophet Isaiah and is called הֵילֵל בֶּן-שָׁחַר (Helel ben Shachar, Hebrew for "shining one, son of the morning").[36] who is addressed as הילל בן שחר (Hêlêl ben Šāḥar),[40][41][42][43][44] The title "Helel ben Shahar" refers to the planet Venus as the morning star, and that is how the Hebrew word is usually interpreted.[2][45] The Hebrew word transliterated as Hêlêl[46] or Heylel,[47] occurs only once in the Hebrew Bible.[46] The Septuagint renders הֵילֵל in Greek as Ἑωσφόρος [48][49][50][51][52] (heōsphoros),[53][54][55] "bringer of dawn", the Ancient Greek name for the morning star.[56] Similarly the Vulgate renders הֵילֵל in Latin as Lucifer, the name in that language for the morning star. According to the King James Bible-based Strong's Concordance, the original Hebrew word means "shining one, light-bearer", and the English translation given in the King James text is the Latin name for the planet Venus, "Lucifer",[47] as it was already in the Wycliffe Bible.
However, the translation of הֵילֵל as "Lucifer" has been abandoned in modern English translations of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations render הֵילֵל as "morning star" (New International Version, New Century Version, New American Standard Bible, Good News Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, Common English Bible, Complete Jewish Bible), "daystar" (New Jerusalem Bible, The Message), "Day Star" (New Revised Standard Version, English Standard Version), "shining one" (New Life Version, New World Translation, JPS Tanakh), or "shining star" (New Living Translation).
In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning star" occurs begins with the statement: "On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has ended!"[57] After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues:
- "How you have fallen from heaven, morning star, son of the dawn! You have been cast down to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! You said in your heart, "I will ascend to the heavens; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of Mount Zaphon. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High." But you are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit. Those who see you stare at you, they ponder your fate: "Is this the man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would not let his captives go home?"[58]"
J. Carl Laney has pointed out that in the final verses here quoted, the king of Babylon is described not as a god or an angel but as a man, and that man may have been not Nebuchadnezzar II, but rather his son, Belshazzar. Nebuchadnezzar was gripped by a spiritual fervor to build a temple to the moon god Sin, and his son ruled as regent. The Abrahamic scriptural texts could be interpreted as a weak usurping of true kingly power, and a taunt at the failed regency of Belshazzar.[59][60]
For the unnamed[61] "king of Babylon" a wide range of identifications have been proposed.[62] They include a Babylonian ruler of the prophet Isaiah's own time[62] the later Nebuchadnezzar II, under whom the Babylonian captivity of the Jews began,[63] or Nabonidus,[62][64] and the Assyrian kings Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon II and Sennacherib.[59][62][65] Verse 20 says that this king of Babylon will not be "joined with them [all the kings of the nations] in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, thou hast slain thy people; the seed of evil-doers shall not be named for ever", but rather be cast out of the grave, while "All the kings of the nations, all of them, sleep in glory, every one in his own house".[2][66] Herbert Wolf held that the "king of Babylon" was not a specific ruler but a generic representation of the whole line of rulers.[67]
Isaiah 14:12 became a source for the popular conception of the fallen angel motif[68] seen later in 1 Enoch 86–90 and 2 Enoch 29:3–4. Rabbinical Judaism has rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels.[69] In the 11th century, the Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer illustrates the origin of the "fallen angel myth" by giving two accounts, one relates to the angel in the Garden of Eden who seduces Eve, and the other relates to the angels, the benei elohim who cohabit with the daughters of man (Genesis 6:1–4).[70] An association of Isaiah 14:12–18 with a personification of evil, called the devil developed outside of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism in pseudepigrapha and Christian writings,[71] particularly with the apocalypses.[72]
As Satan or the devil[]
Illustration of Lucifer in the first fully illustrated print edition of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. Woodcut for Inferno, canto 33. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.
Some Christian writers have applied the name "Lucifer" as used in the Book of Isaiah, and the motif of a heavenly being cast down to the earth, to Satan. Sigve K. Tonstad argues that the New Testament War in Heaven theme of Revelation 12,[73] in which the dragon "who is called the devil and Satan ... was thrown down to the earth", was derived from the passage about the Babylonian king in Isaiah 14.[74] Origen (184/185 – 253/254) interpreted such Old Testament passages as being about manifestations of the devil; but writing in Greek, not Latin, he did not identify the devil with the name "Lucifer".[75][76][77][78] Origen was not the first to interpret the Isaiah 14 passage as referring to the devil: he was preceded by at least Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225), who in his Adversus Marcionem (book 5, chapters 11 and 27) twice presents as spoken by the devil the words of Isaiah 14:14: "I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High".[79][80][81] Though Tertullian was a speaker of the language in which the word "lucifer" was created, "Lucifer" is not among the numerous names and phrases he used to describe the devil.[82] Even at the time of the Latin writer Augustine of Hippo (354–430), a contemporary of the composition of the Vulgate, "Lucifer" had not yet become a common name for the devil.[75]
Some time later, the metaphor of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 applied to a king of Babylon gave rise to the general use of the Latin word for "morning star", capitalized, as the original name of the devil before his fall from grace, linking Isaiah 14:12 with Luke 10 ("I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven")[83] and interpreting the passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.[84][85]
As a result, "Lucifer has become a byword for Satan or the devil in the church and in popular literature",[5] as in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, Joost van den Vondel's Lucifer, and John Milton's Paradise Lost.[55] However, unlike the English word, the Latin word was not used exclusively in this way and was applied to others also, including Jesus: the Latin (Vulgate) text of Revelation 22:16 (where English translations refer to Jesus as "the bright morning star") has stella matutina, not lucifer, but the term lucifer is applied to Jesus in the Easter Exultet and in a hymn by Hilary of Poitiers that contains the phrase: "Tu verus mundi lucifer" (You are the true light bringer of the world).[86]
Adherents of the King James Only movement and others who hold that Isaiah 14:12 does indeed refer to the devil have decried the modern translations.[87][88][89][90][91][92] An opposing view attributes to Origen the first identification of the "Lucifer" of Isaiah 14:12 with the devil and to Tertullian and Augustine of Hippo the spread of the story of Lucifer as fallen through pride, envy of God and jealousy of humans.[93]
However, the understanding of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12 as a metaphor referring to a king of Babylon continued also to exist among Christians. Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393 – c. 457) wrote that Isaiah calls the king "morning star", not as being the star, but as having had the illusion of being it.[94] The same understanding is shown in Christian translations of the passage, which in English generally use "morning star" rather than treating the word as a proper name, "Lucifer". So too in other languages, such as French,[95] German,[96] Portuguese,[97] and Spanish.[98] Even the Vulgate text in Latin is printed with lower-case lucifer (morning star), not upper-case Lucifer (proper name).[99]
John Calvin said: "The exposition of this passage, which some have given, as if it referred to Satan, has arisen from ignorance: for the context plainly shows these statements must be understood in reference to the king of the Babylonians."[100] Martin Luther also considered it a gross error to refer this verse to the devil.[101]
Gustave Doré, illustration to Paradise Lost, book IX, 179–187: "he [Satan] held on / His midnight search, where soonest he might finde / The Serpent: him fast sleeping soon he found".
Bogomilism[]
In the Bogomil and Cathar text Gospel of the secret supper, Lucifer is a glorified angel and the older brother of Jesus, but fell from heaven to establish his own kingdom and became the Demiurge. Therefore, he created the material world and trapped souls from heaven inside matter. Jesus descended to earth to free the captured souls.[102][103] In contrast to mainstream Christianity, the cross was denounced as a symbol of Lucifer and his instrument in an attempt to kill Jesus.[104]
Latter-day Saints[]
Lucifer is regarded within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as the pre-mortal name of the devil. Mormon theology teaches that in a heavenly council, Lucifer rebelled against the plan of God the Father and was subsequently cast out.[105] The Church's scripture reads:
"And this we saw also, and bear record, that an angel of God who was in authority in the presence of God, who rebelled against the Only Begotten Son whom the Father loved and who was in the bosom of the Father, was thrust down from the presence of God and the Son, and was called Perdition, for the heavens wept over him—he was Lucifer, a son of the morning. And we beheld, and lo, he is fallen! is fallen, even a son of the morning! And while we were yet in the Spirit, the Lord commanded us that we should write the vision; for we beheld Satan, that old serpent, even the devil, who rebelled against God, and sought to take the kingdom of our God and his Christ—Wherefore, he maketh war with the saints of God, and encompasseth them round about."[106]
After becoming Satan by his fall, Lucifer "goeth up and down, to and fro in the earth, seeking to destroy the souls of men".[107] Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints consider Isaiah 14:12 to be referring to both the king of the Babylonians and the devil.[108][109]
[]
Other instances of lucifer in the Old Testament pseudepigrapha are related to the "star" Venus, in the Sibylline Oracles battle of the constellations (line 517) "Lucifer fought mounted on the back of Leo",[110] or the entirely rewritten Christian version of the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra 4:32 which has a reference to [111].[112] Lucifer is not the only expression that the Vulgate uses to speak of the morning star: three times it uses stella matutina: Sirach 50 (referring to the actual morning star),[113] and Revelation 2 (of uncertain reference)[114] and Revelation 22 (referring to Jesus).[115]
Indications that in Christian tradition the Latin word lucifer, unlike the English word, did not necessarily call a fallen angel to mind exist also outside the text of the Vulgate. Two bishops bore that name: Saint Lucifer of Cagliari, and Lucifer of Siena.
In Latin, the word is applied to John the Baptist and is used as a title of Jesus himself in several early Christian hymns. The morning hymn Lucis largitor splendide of Hilary contains the line: "Tu verus mundi lucifer" (you are the true light bringer of the world).[116] Some interpreted the mention of the morning star (lucifer) in Ambrose's hymn Aeterne rerum conditor as referring allegorically to Jesus and the mention of the cock, the herald of the day (praeco) in the same hymn as referring to John the Baptist.[117] Likewise, in the medieval hymn Christe qui lux es et dies, some manuscripts have the line "Lucifer lucem proferens".[118]
The Latin word lucifer is also used of Jesus in the Easter Proclamation prayer to God regarding the paschal candle: Flammas eius lucifer matutinus inveniat: ille, inquam, lucifer, qui nescit occasum. Christus Filius tuus, qui, regressus ab inferis, humano generi serenus illuxit, et vivit et regnat in saecula saeculorum ("May this flame be found still burning by the Morning Star: the one Morning Star who never sets, Christ your Son, who, coming back from death's domain, has shed his peaceful light on humanity, and lives and reigns for ever and ever"). In the works of Latin grammarians, Lucifer, like Daniel, was discussed as an example of a personal name.[119]
Other occurrences[]
Anthroposophy[]
Rudolf Steiner's writings, which formed the basis for Anthroposophy, characterised Lucifer as a spiritual opposite to Ahriman, with Christ between the two forces, mediating a balanced path for humanity. Lucifer represents an intellectual, imaginative, delusional, otherworldly force which might be associated with visions, subjectivity, psychosis and fantasy. He associated Lucifer with the religious/philosophical cultures of Egypt, Rome and Greece. Steiner believed that Lucifer, as a supersensible Being, had incarnated in China about 3000 years before the birth of Christ.
Luciferianism[]
Luciferianism is a belief structure that venerates the fundamental traits that are attributed to Lucifer. The custom, inspired by the teachings of Gnosticism, usually reveres Lucifer not as the devil, but as a savior, a guardian or instructing spirit[120] or even the true god as opposed to Jehovah.[121]
In Anton LaVey's The Satanic Bible, Lucifer is one of the four crown princes of hell, particularly that of the East, the 'lord of the air', and is called the bringer of light, the morning star, intellectualism, and enlightenment.[122] The title 'lord of the air' is based upon Ephesians 2:2, which uses the phrase 'prince of the power of the air' to refer to the pagan god Zeus, but that phrase later became conflated with Satan.
Author Michael W. Ford has written on Lucifer as a "mask" of the adversary, a motivator and illuminating force of the mind and subconscious.[123]
In Freemasonry[]
Léo Taxil (1854–1907) claimed that Freemasonry is associated with worshipping Lucifer. In what is known as the Taxil hoax, he alleged that leading Freemason Albert Pike had addressed "The 23 Supreme Confederated Councils of the world" (an invention of Taxil), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in opposition to the evil god Adonai. Taxil promoted a book by Diana Vaughan (actually written by himself, as he later confessed publicly)[124] that purported to reveal a highly secret ruling body called the Palladium, which controlled the organization and had a satanic agenda. As described by Freemasonry Disclosed in 1897:
- "With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not name here [Taxil] declared before an assembly especially convened for him that for twelve years he had prepared and carried out to the end the most sacrilegious of hoaxes. We have always been careful to publish special articles concerning Palladism and Diana Vaughan. We are now giving in this issue a complete list of these articles, which can now be considered as not having existed.[125]"
Supporters of Freemasonry assert that, when Albert Pike and other Masonic scholars spoke about the "Luciferian path," or the "energies of Lucifer," they were referring to the Morning Star, the light bearer, the search for light; the very antithesis of dark. Pike says in Morals and Dogma, "Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual, or selfish Souls? Doubt it not!"[126] Much has been made of this quote.[127]
Taxil's work and Pike's address continue to be quoted by anti-masonic groups.[128]
In Devil-Worship in France, Arthur Edward Waite compared Taxil's work to today's tabloid journalism, replete with logical and factual inconsistencies.
In neopagan witchcraft[]
In a collection of folklore and magical practices supposedly collected in Italy by Charles Godfrey Leland and published in his Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, the figure of Lucifer is featured prominently as both the brother and consort of the goddess Diana, and father of Aradia, at the center of an alleged Italian witch-cult.[129] In Leland's mythology, Diana pursued her brother Lucifer across the sky as a cat pursues a mouse. According to Leland, after dividing herself into light and darkness:
- "...Diana saw that the light was so beautiful, the light which was her other half, her brother Lucifer, she yearned for it with exceeding great desire. Wishing to receive the light again into her darkness, to swallow it up in rapture, in delight, she trembled with desire. This desire was the Dawn. But Lucifer, the light, fled from her, and would not yield to her wishes; he was the light which files into the most distant parts of heaven, the mouse which flies before the cat."[130]
Here, the motions of Diana and Lucifer once again mirror the celestial motions of the moon and Venus, respectively.[131] Though Leland's Lucifer is based on the classical personification of the planet Venus, he also incorporates elements from Christian tradition, as in the following passage:
- "Diana greatly loved her brother Lucifer, the god of the Sun and of the Moon, the god of Light (Splendor), who was so proud of his beauty, and who for his pride was driven from Paradise."[130]
In the several modern Wiccan traditions based in part on Leland's work, the figure of Lucifer is usually either omitted or replaced as Diana's consort with either the Etruscan god Tagni, or Dianus (Janus, following the work of folklorist James Frazer in The Golden Bough).[129]
Powers & Abilities[]
Powers[]
- The Devil / Satanic Entity/Deity Physiology
- Transcendent Demon / Fallen Transcendent Angel & Archdemon Physiology / Divine-Demonic Physiology: Being one of first angels in existence. Lucifer is both an all powerful angel and an archdemon lord of the Underworld. He is one of the fallen that rebelled against God, and cast out in the abyss of Hell. After his fall and transformation as an archdemon king and emperor of hell, he does not also maintain his demonic powers, but also retains his angelic powers making him more powerful and highly dangerous enemy of Heaven and the Mortal Realms. He is surpassed only by Satan, and is rivalled only by the Archangel Michael, Metatron and Merkabah.
- Nigh Omnipotence (Supernatural Powers): Being both a fallen true archangel and an archdemon, Lucifer is highly a very power fallen angel and demon, he is rivalled only by his brother Michael and surpassed by Satan. He is much more powerful than the other fallen angels and the native demons of Hell, and being the "Morningstar", he retained his angelic powers and beauty. He is considered more powerful than any existing demon kings/lords, and even more powerful than even the likes of the demon gods Argoxas and Mundus. He possess unimaginable angelic and demonic powers, that upon his appearance on Earth, it causes an unimaginable disasters and distort the very fabric of reality itself. He have innumerable powers that are beyond the comprehension of that of lesser demonic beings and fallen angels. He is able to rule over an entire pantheon (notably the demons in the Abrahamic lore) as their king out of both power and fear with very few beings capable of opposing them. This is one of the very reason why he is feared among the beings in Hell and united them as one.
- Divine-Demonic Force Manipulation: Being both a fallen archangel and supreme emperor of the demons, Lucifer have both control of anything that is symbolized as both divine/holy and demonic/unholy and has connections to gods, angels and demons. He is able to manipulate sacred and profane artifacts and relics that are connected to the gods, angels, demons, or his own power. Due to controlling both holy and unholy, the he could be in complete balance between the two forces, though he often use both for malevolent intentions and bring disorder upon creation. Additionally, his ability not only grants the user great strength, abilities, and control over numerous variations of divine-demonic powers, but also allows him to overwhelm weaker demons and angels as well as rival or surpass that of powerful entities, mainly his brother Michael.
- Demonic Protection
- Apocalypse Inducement
- Demon Creation - Satan can create limitless amount of demons.
- Demon Destruction - Satan is able to destroy Demons with ease should he find it necessary.
- Demonic Presence
- Demonic Energy Manipulation
- Unholy Projectile Attack
- Malefic Force Manipulation: Lucifer gained the ability to manipulate the force of evil energy after his fall and use it to fulfill his desires, whether it be from a dimension, object, or another being. Usually he use it to cause man to sin, spread chaos, death, terrors, wars, strifes, and corrupt many things to his desire.
- Corruption Manipulation
- Negative Force Manipulation
- Demonic Attacks
- Demonology - Although Satan is a Black-eyed demon, he is also a God and thus far more powerful than all beings. Satan single-handedly slaughtered a group of Angels elders with ease, His reputation alone made Castiel reluctant to go anywhere near him, opting that he and Sam go "a world away" from Satan as possible. He could kill other demons with a mere touch. He could even prevent Castiel from escaping and speaking just by a simple gesture. Satan is an extremely powerful demon. His strength was also shown when he killed an army of Leviathans single-handedly. Possessing at least the demon tablet Drinking ten gallons of Demon blood, and being the ruler of Hell (or, as he sees it, the "Demon God"), he has become explosively more powerful.
- Unholy Territory
- Demonic Shield Construct
- Localization - As an Archangel, Lucifer is able to track and locate beings, although not if they are warded by Enochian sigils. He can track warded person's location if they pray to him.
- Soul Channeling/Soul Absorption - Lucifer possesses the knowledge to draw power from a human's soul to boost his own powers.
- Soul Destruction - Satan can corrupt and destroy souls.
- Spell Casting - Lucifer was highly proficient and knowledgeable in performing powerful spells. During the Apocalypse, he successfully performed a ritual to free Death from his coffin by sacrificing several demons and could bind the Horsemen to his presence, with his binding spell being able to control even Death, although to a lesser extent but enough that Death could not break free under his own power and needed Lucifer back in the Cage to be free. He was able to ward the Angel Tablet powerfully enough that Heaven never succeeded in finding it. His overall knowledge of spells also extended in negating them, as he was the only Angel to ever remove Enochian Sigils that rendered almost any other Angel powerless and could break free from the binding spell cast by Rowena even with diminished grace.
- Possession:: Since Lucifer has no physical repository on Earth, when he traversed between dimensions, he disintegrated, leaving his falling particles to possess the bodies of 666 recently deceased humans.
- Angelic Possession - Lucifer is required to use a willing vessel on Earth, like all angels. Because of the immensity of his power, he must use a vessel descended from Cain or Abel, or it will begin to decay and eventually spontaneously combust and even then the vessel needs to be strengthened by drinking a significant volume of demon blood. However, he was able to possess Castiel's vessel for at least a short time without it exploding.
- Angelic Vessel Possession - Lucifer can possess an angelic vessel which is already in use, as he possessed Castiel in his vessel. To do that, he needed Castiel's permission. Castiel's vessel was able to hold the immense power of an Archangel and the power of a seraph without any visible physical damage. However, the Seraph noted that Lucifer was burning through both him and his vessel over time.
- Demonic Possession - Satan possess human bodies and take control of them, using them as his hosts on Earth. Notably, he can be inside five humans at once by inserting a portion of his essences into a fifth on human while the majority of Satan's essence remain in control of the first. However, each time this happened, it only took place for several moments before satan in question exited the tenth human and returned to his original host, leaving it unclear if Satan can possess five humans at once over a long period of time or if he can only perform split possessions temporarily. The immensity of his power can be seen when he possesses an imperfect vessel; it will begin to slowly decay and eventually spontaneously combust due to barely being able to contain Satan's immense power and presence, something that the human body was not built to process. Only a Castiel can contain Satan, Castiel can successfully and safely host him and access his full power. With Castiel as his vessel, he can use the full extent of his powers. Unlike most characters, the extent of his powers is not limited by his presence, as such giving them a infinite range.
- Teleproprioception - Even with a bullet carved with a devil's trap in his head, he could make his vessel's severed hand open the box it was in, move toward him, jump onto his body, and remove the bullet from his head. Satan is able to keep his vessel from dying or decomposing while he possessing it, no matter how severe the injuries.
- Angelic Possession - Lucifer is required to use a willing vessel on Earth, like all angels. Because of the immensity of his power, he must use a vessel descended from Cain or Abel, or it will begin to decay and eventually spontaneously combust and even then the vessel needs to be strengthened by drinking a significant volume of demon blood. However, he was able to possess Castiel's vessel for at least a short time without it exploding.
- Astral Projection - Lucifer is able to display his full wings in a flash of white light.
- Chronokinesis - Lucifer possesses the power to travel backwards and forwards in time, with him keeping this power even after the Fall. As an Archangel, Lucifer's time-traveling powers are much more refined than regular Angels, as he was able to easily send Dean back to 1943 to retrieve the Ark of the Covenant and later return him to the present, all without needing to physically be there with him.
- Conversion - Lucifer created the race of demons by twisting human souls. Because of this he could manipulate their nature to his whim.
- Power Augmentation - Lucifer's presence on Earth greatly enhanced the powers of Jesse Turner.
- Power Granting - Lucifer stated that he gave the Princes of Hell their incredible powers when he created them.
- Demonization
- Exorcism - With just a snap of his fingers, Lucifer was able to exorcise a demon back to Hell.
- Energy Blasts - Lucifer demonstrated the ability to produce bolts of dim bluish light from his hands. These blasts carry considerable force, as one was able to stagger Michael, despite the gap between their powers. During a battle with the Main Universe Michael, one of Lucifer's blasts knocked the other archangel to the ground, but he quickly recovered. Michael subsequently admitted to being a little winded as he had not fought such a battle in centuries.
- Elemental Control - Lucifer can control the weather, temperature, electrical fields and the elements themselves to an immense degree, enough to cause natural disasters, either willingly or simply due to his mere presence.
- Demonic Elemental Manipulation
- Hell-Fire Manipulation
- Pyrokinetic Blade Construction
- Disintegration: Lucifer can use his power over fire to incinerate other beings, as he did with two of his demon guards.
- Thermokinesis - Satan can thermokinetically increase or decrease temperatures to any intensity he so desires.
- Thermal-Blast: Lucifer can generate powerful blasts of flames at will. He has also been shown capable of breathing a destructive stream of fire.
- Fire Teleportation
- Fire Breath
- Cosmic Fire Manipulation
- Incineration
- Pyro-Electrokinesis
- Grim Darkness Manipulation
- Demonic Light Generation
- Demonic Wind Manipulation
- Demonic Ice Manipulation
- Hell-Fire Manipulation
- Terrakinesis - Lucifer could generate earthquakes through his mere presence on the earth; he was able to cause them at a colossal range, creating several across the whole world while he was in America.
- Thermokinesis - Lucifer can alter temperatures to a drastic degree. His presence alone in Detroit caused incredible drops in temperature and he froze a pane of glass by merely breathing on it. While bound by Supernatural Handcuffs, Lucifer heated them up to the point that they popped off his wrist. He later melted a pair of the handcuffs after revealing that they weren't really binding him.
- Electrokinesis - When arriving at the Elysian Fields Hotel, Lucifer caused the lights to flicker. He was also able to turn off a fire alarm and turn on music with a snap of his fingers at a concert for Vince Vincente.
- Pyrokinesis - Lucifer was able to set a bush on fire from the Cage. After Betty opened Chuck's Death Book, Lucifer was able to burn her to ash despite Betty being the new Death and with no visible effect other than Betty turning to ash.
- Weather Manipulation - When Lucifer was released, he altered the weather by creating severe winds and causing hurricanes and tornadoes across the world. He made the entire city of Detroit's temperature drop simply through his presence.
- Demonic Elemental Manipulation
- Wings: As a fallen angel, Lucifer possesses large angelic wings
- Flight - In his angelic form, Lucifer can fly. Lucifer can also fly and levitate in midair as evidenced by his fight with an archangel empowered Dean Winchester, both flying back from attacks and charging back. Lucifer even remained levitating after Dean fatally stabbed him with an archangel blade.
- Winged Flight
- Healing - Lucifer was able to heal physical injuries and restore people to optimal physical health, notably doing so heal his vessel's sister of her paralysis. He was also able to heal himself in said vessel from being doused with acid by Crowley. He later heals Anael's neck wound after removing part of her grace. When he resurrected Sam, Lucifer healed the neck wound and massive blood loss that killed him. However his healing capabilities are not strong enough to completely counter the damage inflicted to his lesser vessels.
- Holy White Light - He once captured Castiel by disabling him with a burst of white light.
- Biokinesis - Lucifer can manipulate the biological aspects of a creature, which he normally uses to inflict harm on his victims, such as to break bones and damage organs. He was able to kill a Secret Service agent by inducing a massive cerebral hemorrhage. He also used this ability to cause pain to the Winchesters on more than one occasion.
- Supernatural Condition
- Supernatural Speed & Reflexes: Lucifer is glaringly and obviously fast, agile, and can move at god-like speed. His speed and reflexes allows him to predict, analyze, and see-through his opponent's movements and attack patterns. During his fight with Michael, they were capable of moving at such speed that they break the very fabric of space itself, and can cause sonic booms.
- Super Stamina - Being an archangel, Lucifer has unlimited stamina, never requiring sleep, food, water, oxygen, and never tiring.
- Super Strength - As the second most powerful archangel, Lucifer can empower his vessels with near-unparalleled physical strength that surpasses that of most supernatural beings such as demons, angels, pagan gods and even his younger Archangel brothers Raphael and Gabriel. However he is not quite as strong as his older brother Michael and is much weaker than Alternate Michael. His vast strength allows him to effortlessly lift enemies off their feet with one hand, throw them across large distances with great force and even tear through their flesh with minimal effort. When fighting Alternate Michael, the strength of his punches caused an effect similar to that of a thunderclap. Even when weakened due to improper vessels, binding spells and a depleted grace, Lucifer still retained more than enough strength to kill or beat down most supernatural creatures on several occasions.
- Demonic Ugliness
- Superhuman Durability: The tissues of Lucifer's body, while similar in appearance to a human's, are considerably tougher and more resistant to injury than the tissues of a human being. Lucifer's body is virtually invulnerable to conventional injury. He is capable of withstanding great impact forces, high caliber bullets, exposure to temperature and pressure extremes, and powerful energy blasts without sustaining injury.
- Enhanced Senses: As an angel, Lucifer's senses are enhanced to levels much greater than any normal human. He can sense things in ways that language cannot explain, as well as sense the essence of other supernatural beings.
- Empathy: Lucifer is able to sense emotion on others. In one instance, he stated he can smell guilt on people. He can also determine if someone is telling the truth or a lie, by looking into their eyes.
- Enhanced Hearing: Lucifer's sense of hearing is so great he can hear across dimensions. While in space, Lucifer was able to hear his name being spoken from the realm of Hades.
- Enhanced Sense of Smell: Lucifer is capable of tracking someone by picking up on their "scent". He also stated that John Constantine reeked of death.
- Enhanced Vision
- Regenerative Healing Factor: Despite his superhuman durability, it is possible to injure Lucifer. However, his unique physiology and mystical energies enable him to rapidly recover from almost any form of injury. He is capable of regenerating almost any damaged or destroyed tissue, even missing limbs.
- Self-Sustenance: Due to his angelic physiology, Lucifer can survive in harsh environments without air, sleep, food or water, as well as survive unaided within the vacuum of space.
- Molecular Reconstruction: Lucifer is able to create single cells at will, which he can cultivate and accelerate into an organism. When building a house from scratch, Lucifer created and killed millions of organisms in order to create enough sand to make concrete.
- Molecular Acceleration
- Molecular Combustion - Lucifer can kill lesser beings by rendering them down to their molecules as he did Castiel, Nithael and Jofiel. He was also able to use this power to make Ganesh explode. He also used this power to turn two demons to dust. In the alternate universe, Lucifer was capable of combusting multiple angels at the same time, a feat unseen by any other character so far. In his weakened state, he no longer possesses this power. However, as of Bring 'em Back Alive, Lucifer is once again able to use this power, at least on humans, as he was able to turn two priests to dust at the same time with a snap of his fingers. He would eventually regain the power to use this on angels, as with a snap of his fingers, he turned multiple angels of the Apocalypse World to dust.
- Power Negation - Lucifer could prevent lesser supernatural creatures from using their powers, as Baldur and Kali were unable to teleport either themselves or the Winchesters when he arrived at the hotel where they were conferring.
- Fire Negation
- Divine Power Negation
- Power Distribution: Lucifer is capable of distributing power to others. He was capable of granting Etrigan his full power back, after it was taken away.
- Reality Warping - Lucifer reminded Gabriel that he taught him everything he knew about using this power, when the latter tried to use it to kill him, meaning he is at least his younger brother's equal in this field, if not superior. While in Limbo, he was able to make a song play out of nowhere with a simple snap of his fingers. When he first emerged from his cage, demons started to dream for the first time since they were human. He was also able to prevent his clothes from burning when set on fire by Kali.
- Resurrection - Lucifer was able to resurrect Sam Winchester after a vampire ripped out Sam's throat despite not being at full power at the time. Lucifer later resurrected Maggie at Jack's request. It's been claimed that Lucifer can resurrect angels and demons from the Empty, but this theory has yet to be tested.
- Reanimation - Satan has the power to turn nearby corpses into zombies and bend them to his will.
- Shapeshifting - Lucifer can change his shape into any person he wants. While in his cage, he appeared as Nick to anyone who visited him and while being exorcised from Castiel, his essence briefly distorted into a likeness similar to Nick's.
- Demonic Monster Physiology
- Relative Appearance Alteration
- Snake Physiology
- Angel Physiology
- Non-Corporeal Form
- Deceased Shapeshifting
- Size Alteration: Lucifer is capable of altering the size of himself and others.
- Supernatural Beauty
- Multiple Faces
- Non-Corporeal Form
- Relative Appearance Alteration
- Smiting - Like all angels, Lucifer possessed the power to smite lower beings, but as an Archangel, his smiting is far more potent. He once threatened Crowley that he can effortlessly smite him in an instant.
- Divine Slayer
- Demonic Smiting - Satan has the ability to kill any demon, angel monster and humans with a touch. Smiting is often exhibited when Satan place their hands or palms on their adversaries' face, forehead, or mouth. However, the light this emits is black rather than pure white.
- Draining - Satan can Destroy other Demons, absorbing their Essence and thus Increasing his own Power.
- Sonic Scream - Lucifer possesses such powerful vocal cords that in a fit of rage, he was capable of shouting so loud that it shook the entire Men of Letters' Bunker, made the Winchesters cover their ears in pain, and caused the Seraph Castiel to feel discomfort.
- Telekinesis - Lucifer is able to move objects and beings around with his mind with great ease. He uses both elaborate hand gestures and snaps of his fingers similar to Gabriel. While weakened by having most of his grace extracted, Lucifer still possessed this power and could use it when he was particularly angry to overpower lesser demons and even Castiel, although Castiel was off-guard at the time. Later on, he was able to hold off a horde of vampires with little effort and no visible hand gestures. After killing Betty, he used this power to pull Chuck's Death Book to himself and to overpower Sam and Dean.
- Angelic Telekinesis
- Soul Extraction - Satan has the ability to forcefully remove a person's soul from their body.
- Removal of Any Warding - Satan can apparently erase the warding without being affected by it. He is also able to erase a Devil's Trap with a simple finger movement.
- Telepathy - Lucifer had complete access to Sam's and Castiel's memories and thoughts while he possessed them. While in his cage, he gave Sam visions of the cage and manifested himself as a young John in one of Sam's dreams. Lucifer was capable of holding telepathic conversations with Dagon even while restrained by Crowley's chains. While communicating this way, Lucifer's scream was able to cause Dagon great pain.
- Empathy - Lucifer could read the emotions of his vessel.
- Dream Walking - Lucifer has the ability to enter a person's dreams. Even without a human vessel, Lucifer was able to speak with Nick in his dreams while taking on the appearance of his deceased wife. He demonstrated this again when he spoke to Sam in his dreams while taking on the appearance of Jessica Moore. He was also able to show Sam his memories and entered Rowena's dreams while he was in his cage.
- Mental Projection - Despite being trapped in the cage, he could still communicate to beings on Earth, as he did with Azazel, though Azazel had to sacrifice several nuns for this to be achieved. He later used this to torment and communicate with Nick to get his permission to possess him, appearing in the form of his wife. After the Cage was damaged by the release of Amara, he was able to project visions into Sam's mind to draw him to the Cage. Lucifer was able to project an image of Vince Vincente's dead lover before Vince to trick him into giving Lucifer permission to use him as a vessel and cause Vince to experience hallucinations.
- Pathokinesis - Lucifer was able to cause Sam to feel calm.
- Demonic Psionics
- Mental Manipulation - Satan can erase, restore, alter and fabricate the memories and perception of a human.
- Memory Extraction - By inserting part of his essence into humans, Satan can access their memories (even their subconscious memories) to see and hear what they saw and heard. He seems to be able to instantly locate the memories relevant to what he wants to know. When he uses this ability, the eyes of the person whose memories he is reading cloud into gray.
- Sedation - Satan can cause instant unconsciousness in humans by tapping them or simply placing two fingers on their forehead
- Mental Manipulation - Satan can erase, restore, alter and fabricate the memories and perception of a human.
- Derivation
- Intimidation Intuition
- Confession Inducement
- Desire revelation: Lucifer has the ability to make mortals reveal their deepest desires.
- Soul Reading - Satan are able to read the souls of humans, however it is a painful experience for the human. He can also use the soul as a source of energy, but the pain is even greater for the human, and there is the risk of an explosion if Satan is not careful.
- Madness Inducement
- Belief Inducement
- Teleportation - As an archangel, Lucifer can travel anywhere in the universe instantly without occupying the space in between, except he can't teleport into the Men of Letters Bunker on lockdown. He also needs a portal to travel to alternate universes. And when imprisoned in his cage, he cannot leave unless it is opened by an outside force. He has proven to be quite proficient with this ability, as he was able to dodge Michael and his energy blast by teleporting rapidly.
- Apporting - Likewise, Lucifer can bring others to him, as he was able to apport Sam into the inside of The Cage and later Dean and Castiel too. Even when weakened from having most of his grace extracted, he was able to apport Anael with him away from the Demon Bomb launched at him by Ketch. Later on, he apported Betty into the Men of Letters bunker.
- Dimensional Travel: Lucifer is capable of using his power to tear dimensional rifts in reality, allowing him to travel the Multiverse at will. Lucifer can travel through these portals himself or send other people through them. He once banished the demon Etrigan to the main Earth of the Multiverse by sending him through a portal.
- Interstellar Travel: Lucifer can travel through the reaches of space where no human body could possibly survive.
- Voice Mimicry - Outside a vessel, he can imitate people's voices. Lucifer was able to imitate Castiel's voice when he called Dean to open the door to Men of Letters bunker.
- Anger-Induced Empowerment - A unique trait to Lucifer. When angered, Lucifer's strength and abilities become temporarily stronger. This was shown when he was depowered from his depleted grace, he was able to break free from powerful binding and power negating spells that were previously keeping him restrained on two separate occasions.
- Title Bestowal
- Music Generation
- Nigh-Absolute Invulnerability: Lucifer's body is highly indestructible and invulnerable to both physical blunt, magical, conventional, mental, spiritual attacks, conceptual, and even metaphysical. Being a former primordial archangel angel (turned fallen) and the greatest demon emperor to hailed in all of Hell, Lucifer possess nigh limitless pain tolerance and invulnerability. He can take on all holy light-based attacks that are considered deadly towards demons, with minor/little to no damages, and so far only Michael, Gabriel, or even his son Akiel are the only ones that can manage to hurt him. His durability, however, does not helps him immune towards God's primordial and holy light, as it caused him great pain, uneasiness, and he mentioned that he is not comfortable to God's presence and light.
- Transcendent Immortality: Being one of the first True Archangels that predated the dawn and the shaping of creation, Lucifer is an immortal being and nearly impossible to be killed or erased from existence. He possesses near-complete immortality: as he don't age, can rapidly heal from wounds, will essentially live forever, and always appearing in his prime, young, and beautiful condition. However, there are exceptions to his immortality, with some factors or certain people that are able to harm and ultimately kill him.
- Supreme Divinity / Greater Divinity
- Angelic Source / Spirit Divinity
- Regeneration - If Lucifer's vessel receives any physical damage, the wound will completely heal instantaneously. When shot with the Colt, for example, the bullet hole healed in under a minute. Interestingly, the ability does not reverse the decay caused to Nick, or other temporary vessels, by Lucifer's power, as he can't heal the damage caused to any vessel that's not Crowley's improved vessel of Nick, or his true vessel Sam due to his immense power and grace. Lucifer was also able to heal Castiel's body of the injuries suffered in their fight. Despite being stated to have been severely weakened by the Darkness' attack on him that expelled him from Castiel, Lucifer quickly recovered from the damage.
- Immunity - Lucifer is one of only five things in creation that the Colt cannot kill. Lucifer is unaffected by natural diseases and illnesses. He is as well immune to supernatural infections, such as the croatoan virus. Lucifer was even immune to Metatron's spell which burned all other angels' wings. As an archangel, angel blades were not able to kill Lucifer, though he still finds it painful. Even in a weakened state a regular angel blade was unable to kill him. In addition, he was far less affected then normal angels when punched by the Enochian Brass Knuckles.
- Absolute Emotions
- Infusion
- Horn Protrusion
- Hoof Protrusion
- Stellar Manipulation
- Size Manipulation
- Infinity Ignoring
- Avatar Creation: Lucifer is able to create avatars in any image. However, these avatars are lifeless, controlled only by Lucifer's consciousness.
- Dystopiation
- Illusory Omnipotence
- Divine-Demonic Force Manipulation: Being both a fallen archangel and supreme emperor of the demons, Lucifer have both control of anything that is symbolized as both divine/holy and demonic/unholy and has connections to gods, angels and demons. He is able to manipulate sacred and profane artifacts and relics that are connected to the gods, angels, demons, or his own power. Due to controlling both holy and unholy, the he could be in complete balance between the two forces, though he often use both for malevolent intentions and bring disorder upon creation. Additionally, his ability not only grants the user great strength, abilities, and control over numerous variations of divine-demonic powers, but also allows him to overwhelm weaker demons and angels as well as rival or surpass that of powerful entities, mainly his brother Michael.
- Nigh-Omniscience: Lucifer has proven himself to be one of the most intelligent being in the cosmos. Able to know and determine all things in existence, and having the knowledge that few beings are aware of. His intellect, wits, and wisdom also allows him to possess great leadership as it is one of factors that allowed him to convinced the 1/3 of the Angels to rebel against the Heaven and give the rulership of Hell under him by Satan and the other kings and princes of hell. He is al so a highly charismatic leader, able to convince even the most complicated and rebellious beings to listen to his reason, that during his rally on Hell, he united the divided Abrahamic Netherworld, under one banner. Having been living for many billions of years, Lucifer possess great wisdom and wits on how to deal with things.
- Cosmic Awareness (formerly) - While Lucifer was the Ruler of Heaven and occupying the throne, he could hear everyone's prayers on Earth.
- Selective Omniscience
- Clairsentience - Even when weakened from having most of his grace extracted, he was still able to sense Jack's power.
- Precognition - Lucifer could see and accurately predict the future, but he could not see the whole picture; he knew he would possess Sam in Detroit and told him the first time he met him.
- Astral Perception - Lucifer can perceive the true form of beings invisible to the human eye. Lucifer was able to see the true form of Death when he raised the Horseman out of his prison.
- Unlimited intelligence: Lucifer has proven himself to be one of the most intelligent being in the cosmos. Able to know and determine all things in existence, and having the knowledge that few beings are aware of. His intellect, wits, and wisdom also allows him to possess great leadership as it is one of factors that allowed him to convinced the 1/3 of the Angels to rebel against the Heaven and give the rulership of Hell under him by Satan and the other kings and princes of hell. He is al so a highly charismatic leader, able to convince even the most complicated and rebellious beings to listen to his reason, that during his rally on Hell, he united the divided Abrahamic Netherworld, under one banner. Having been living for many billions of years, Lucifer possess great wisdom and wits on how to deal with things
- Master Magician & Sorcerer: Lucifer possesses nearly immeasurable knowledge of magic spells on various classes and categories (commonly use by the Angels, Fallen Angels, & Demons). Magic spells that can be categorize as legendary, ancient, lost, advance, or even forbidden spells, that can create massive and devastating effects and destruction. Despite quiet inferior to Gabriel on few steps of skills, Lucifer has proven himself to be a very well-versed and dangerous magic master. He has great understanding and possess mastery over various kinds of spell, even those use by other pantheons. Being an fallen true archangel and a former prince of choir, he has an immeasurable skills when it comes to both divine and demonic magics, during the formation of the ruling system of the Stygian Council in Hell, he and Satan created a unique type of magic system that is exclusive only towards the demon nobles, kings, and even the emperor of hell (mainly Lucifer). According to Beelzebub and Astaroth, it is classified as highly complex magic formula, that Lucifer and Satan created by manipulating the origin of angelic magics, used by the angels.
- Black Arts: Being both an all-powerful Fallen True Archangel and an Archdemon emperor, Lucifer can utilize highly, deadly, and powerful Black Arts: a form of magic typically used for selfish, self-serving and/or nefarious purposes. His skills on dark arts tend to focus on destruction, harming, cursing and otherwise complicating the lives of other people while advancing he's state. Due to having complete understanding over darker and malevolent elements, Lucifer can cast forbidden spells, that are commonly considered lost by even Magic Deities.
- Occultism Mastery: Lucifer has great knowledge and utilize Occultism, the belief in or study of the action or influence of hidden wisdom and supernatural powers, allowing Lucifer to have foreknowledge about and behind the supernatural and how to perform them. Being the dub as the "Prince of Lies", Lucifer has greater understanding over supernatural things and can know and answer things that are normally hard to answer. The only known character that surpassed him in this field is John Constantine the Hellblazer, as it is in this field that he can outsmart Lucifer, Satan, and even his generals.
- Tormentor
- Personal Domain: Earth & Hell
- Psychopomp Manipulation
- Magical Manipulation: He can use this magical energy for various effects only a few which have been shown. Known abilities include the ability to project hellfire, shapeshift, and sense lying in others.
- Divination
- Necromancy: Lucifer possesses control over the damned souls of Hell and has made deals with humans in exchange for souls. He was also able to manipulate the essence of the Hunted God after killing it. He was capable of vastly speeding up the resurrection of the god, in order to kill it over and over again.
- Clairvoyance: Lucifer was able to use the blood of a dead pigeon to sense information that is not readily available to him.
- Self-Duplication - Satan can create another duplicate of himself to deceive others.
- Mystic Demonic / Transcendent Demonic Mage Physiology
- Curse Inducement: Satan is master when it comes to cursing his victims. According to many, it is one of his greatest specialty. His curse are highly and very deadly, to the point that the only way to break his curse is through strong faith or if Satan will's to lift it.
- Profane Presence: Satan is present almost everywhere at the same time, usually being limited by/within a certain domain, such as time, space, or nothingness. His knowledge over creation and the cosmos makes him more known and feared by various people (both mortals and supernatural beings) across the universe. His presence is said to be as bleak as the cold of Treachery (the depths of Hell) and as hot as the flames of Tartarus (the depths of the Greco-Roman Underworld). By just his presence on Earth is more than terrifying that it caused massive storms, disasters, chaos, and terror among the humans, and it also distorted the very fabric of space and reality
- Nigh Omnipotence (Supernatural Powers): Being both a fallen true archangel and an archdemon, Lucifer is highly a very power fallen angel and demon, he is rivalled only by his brother Michael and surpassed by Satan. He is much more powerful than the other fallen angels and the native demons of Hell, and being the "Morningstar", he retained his angelic powers and beauty. He is considered more powerful than any existing demon kings/lords, and even more powerful than even the likes of the demon gods Argoxas and Mundus. He possess unimaginable angelic and demonic powers, that upon his appearance on Earth, it causes an unimaginable disasters and distort the very fabric of reality itself. He have innumerable powers that are beyond the comprehension of that of lesser demonic beings and fallen angels. He is able to rule over an entire pantheon (notably the demons in the Abrahamic lore) as their king out of both power and fear with very few beings capable of opposing them. This is one of the very reason why he is feared among the beings in Hell and united them as one.
- Dark/Evil Elohim Physiology / Fallen Deity Physiology
- Satanic Incarnation
- Demon Lordship / Demon King / Fallen Angel Lordship Physiology: being known as one of the 7 rulers of Hell.
- Evil Deity Physiology / Evil Lordship
- Evil Embodiment / Omnimalevolence
- Vice Inducement
- Evil Embodiment: Satan is one of the embodiment of evil and can manipulate everything evil, including having all evil powers and power over evil beings, places and events (he can be literally become an evil force of nature). Not even powerful beings such as the Aeon's can resist as his evil aura can make all them coward in fear, some even feared that he would manipulate them because of their corruption. Examples include using weather to destroy towns, cursing deities and people to induce horrifying effects, physically and psychologically torturing people and Gods, inducing sins, etc. He can also do things like shapeshifting into a chaotic monster and do almost anything as long as it ensures death or to manipulate others to his will, and cause destruction or pain on the victims. His demonic powers is incredibly powerful because of the limitless capabilities and the fact that there is evil in almost every place.
- Heresy Embodiment
- Pride Embodiment
- Corruption Embodiment
- Wrath Embodiment
- Temptation Embodiment
- Deceiver/Trickster Deity Physiology
- Temptation Deity Physiology / The Tempter
- Soul pact: The Devil is able to make pacts with humans in exchange for their souls and is known for having damned many humans to hell that way. Jobe's indirect hints that Lucifer is the Witnesses' only shot at getting rid of the immortal Malcolm, who the Devil had struck a deal with, and his own shot at freedom imply that the Devil can take the soul of even immortals forcibly if he wants and the Devil further supports this by confirming he can help the Witnesses kill Dreyfus but he is also shown able to refuse to damn the souls he had a contract with to Hell, as he chose not to aid them at first due to wanting the Apocalypse to happen so many evil souls can be damned in Hell. It is currently unknown whether he has the power to forcibly take others souls without a contract but while unable to forcibly damn a Witness to Hell, should a Witness willingly enter in a contract with the Devil, he is capable of taking even their Eternal Souls for himself, condemning them to Hell.
- Fraud Empowerment
- Belief Inducement
- Evil Embodiment / Omnimalevolence
- Afterlife Lordship / Afterlife Deity Physiology
- Hell Lordship / Hell Deity Physiology
- Absolute Storage
- Netherworld Dimensional Power Tap: Lucifer can draw power from hell like other hell lords. While outside of the dimension, his power diminishes.
- Ensnare Astral Bodies: Lucifer also possesses certain powers enabling him to capture and detain the astral bodies (sheaths of the soul) of recently deceased human beings.
- Control over the Portal to hell - Satan can go to hell or allow other beings to go to hell because he has control over where the portal to hell is or will be. By having the portal constantly moving, it will remain undetectable by other demons.
- Hell Gate
- Underworld Deity Physiology / Underworld Ruler: especially when it comes the criminal/global underworld.
- Hell Embodiment
- Realm Leader: especially when it comes the criminal/global underworld.
- Hell Lordship / Hell Deity Physiology
- False Deity Physiology
- False Divinity
- Demiurge Physiology
- Creator Deity Physiology: Satan/Lucifer is the creator of the Left & the father of lies.
- Prime Being
- Magical Entity Physiology
- Tyrant Deity Physiology: Ever since he stole earth & mankind away from God through deceit & theft, Lucifer/Satan become the god of planet earth.
- Fool Deity Physiology
- Patron God (Evil version)
- Ancient Evil / Chaos Bringer
- Beyond Dimensional Physiology
- New God (evil version)
- Divine Authority
- Profane Trinity: Just as God is a trinity with Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, the Devil king, Satan has his "evil version" called the profane trinity or satanic trinity; with Satan, the Beast and the False Prophet. United, they form an malign triad that embodies pure evil being called "Anti-God", even though the true Anti-God is Ayin.
- Warrior Demon
- Strategy Deity Physiology
- Chaos Deity Physiology
- Fallen Archangel Physiology
- Demonic Deity Physiology
- Ascended Transcendent Demon Physiology
- Primordial Demon Physiology
- Satanic Incarnation
- Cursed Name
- Transcendent Demon / Fallen Transcendent Angel & Archdemon Physiology / Divine-Demonic Physiology: Being one of first angels in existence. Lucifer is both an all powerful angel and an archdemon lord of the Underworld. He is one of the fallen that rebelled against God, and cast out in the abyss of Hell. After his fall and transformation as an archdemon king and emperor of hell, he does not also maintain his demonic powers, but also retains his angelic powers making him more powerful and highly dangerous enemy of Heaven and the Mortal Realms. He is surpassed only by Satan, and is rivalled only by the Archangel Michael, Metatron and Merkabah.
Abilities[]
- Expert Combatant: Lucifer is a highly skilled fighter capable of gaining the upper hand against a fight with Ghost Rider, even while in a weakened state.
- Master Hand-to-Hand Combatant - Being the second oldest Archangel, Lucifer is a very accomplished fighter, with millennia worth of fighting experience and thorough combat training. He was able to effortlessly slaughter a group of Pagan Deities without sustaining any injuries. He also effortlessly beat Dean to submission twice, even once when Dean was armed by a gun, at which Lucifer soundly disarmed and pummeled him. Even while confined in his cage, he effortlessly overwhelmed Sam, Dean and Castiel, disarming the latter with ease. He briefly held his own against the Alternate Michael despite being far inferior to him but was ultimately quickly defeated. Even while weakened due to his Grace depletion, Lucifer was still able to overwhelm and force Castiel to flee, although he got wounded in the process.
- Powerful Master Combatant & Martial Artist: Lucifer formerly served and considered as one of the best and powerful combatants of the Heavens, rivalled only by Michael. His skills is such that no one in Hell bested him in combat (other than Satan), and no other demons dared to oppose him in battle. His combat skills are so strong that during the War of Creation he managed to destroy several Outer Gods, and killed 20 angels all at the same time during the War in Heaven, without getting serious.
- One-Man Army
- Razor Hand
- Throwing
- Swordsmanship
- Master Hand-to-Hand Combatant - Being the second oldest Archangel, Lucifer is a very accomplished fighter, with millennia worth of fighting experience and thorough combat training. He was able to effortlessly slaughter a group of Pagan Deities without sustaining any injuries. He also effortlessly beat Dean to submission twice, even once when Dean was armed by a gun, at which Lucifer soundly disarmed and pummeled him. Even while confined in his cage, he effortlessly overwhelmed Sam, Dean and Castiel, disarming the latter with ease. He briefly held his own against the Alternate Michael despite being far inferior to him but was ultimately quickly defeated. Even while weakened due to his Grace depletion, Lucifer was still able to overwhelm and force Castiel to flee, although he got wounded in the process.
- Master Torturer - Lucifer is one of the foremost experts in torture, both physical and spiritual. He tortured Lilith's spirit to the point where he turned her into the original demon and from there, did the same to several other humans to create his demon armies. His torture methods were so extreme and profound that the memories of it would haunt his victims years after the fact and in some cases, such as Sam's, caused extreme hallucinations, mental shock and could have potentially killed him.
- Intimidation
- Interrogation
- Torture Intuition
- Unlimited intelligence: Having been living since before or during the beginning of Creation, Satan possess vast knowledge that no one other than his angelic & demonic (nobles and kings) brethren could comprehend. His knowledge surpasses even the likes of most entities, even the most dangerous and most cunning of Azathoth's children, like the Outer God Nyarlathotep, where they were seen equally rivalled when it comes to strength and wits, and surpassed only by Michael and Lucifer, in sheer intellect and wisdom. He is proven himself, to have knowledge in the whole cosmos, despite having most of his powers sealed.
- Master Deceiver & Manipulator: Being called/nicknamed as the "Father of all lies", Lucifer possess worth centuries of skills to manipulates and deceives people to do his bidding and ends. Usually corrupting or deceiving their minds to cause them to sinned and fall from God's grace and love. He is considered more dangerous than any master manipulator on Earth, and led many people for countless centuries to astray in their lives, while remaining in the sidelines, while watching them fall in corruption and despair. So far the only persons that he failed to corrupt or fall are God's Prophets and Jesus Christ. Also despite his unpredictable wits and cunningness, however, it also considered as his greatest weakness, flawed by his pride, overconfidence, and arrogance, and so far he can be outsmart by anyone who can convince him to do their biddings and ends. So far Constantine is the only person that managed to outsmart and deceive him, at some point during their meeting. He is also not as cunning, clever, and tricky, as his brother Gabriel who is known as the trickster, that during his time in Heaven he has been fallen by Gabriel's tricks countless times (even prior to and after his fall).
- Psychological Manipulation
- Deception
- Personal Army
- Enhanced Crawling
- Genius Level Intellect
- Tactical Analysis
- Architecture: Lucifer is an accomplished architect. He was able to single-handedly build a house completely from scratch.
- Business Management: Lucifer has successfully run a bar and previously, a carnival.
- Equestrianism
- Hunting: Lucifer participated in the mythological Wild Hunt, led by Odin, and easily killed the Hunted God over and over.
- Tracking
- Leadership: Lucifer is the Lord of Hell and has ruled over the chaotic world for eons. He commands thousands of demon legions and inspires loyalty through intimidation and torture. He also led the war in Heaven, the universe's first war.
- Music: Lucifer is a skilled pianist.
- Occultism: Lucifer possesses extensive hidden knowledge of magic and other occult concepts. He knows secrets of the universe that have never been spoken by anyone, as well as the "true death" for godlike beings.
- Indomitable Will / Absolute Will
- Weaponry: Lucifer is capable of skillfully wielding multiple weapons in combat, including swords, spears, and battle axes.
- Contract Bestowal
- Clarification
- Supernatural Talent
Weaknesses[]
- Primordials: The Primordials are powerful and strong enough to harm him.
- Arcuthas: Like the Primordials, the Arcuthas are powerful and strong enough to harm him in combat.
- Three Great Titans of Creation: The Three Great Titans of Creation can easily completely obliterate Satan with a single snap of their fingers.
- Ayin: As the progenitor of demonkind and creator of Hell, Ayin is an immensely powerful being who is able to easily wipe out Satan in milliseconds. Satan himself has mentioned that even if he and every other demon work together against Ayin, they will fail.
- The Light: The Light has shown herself to be far more powerful than Satan and can erase him from creation completely.
Harming, Misleading and Trapping[]
- Angel Blades - While angel blades can't kill Lucifer, they can still harm him, as shown by how he expressed visible pain when Castiel stabbed him with one and having a cage of angel blades slammed into his body left Lucifer in agonizing pain. In his temporary weakened state, Lucifer is more vulnerable to them. When stabbed with one by Castiel, Lucifer's red eyes flickered a few times before going out and he showed visibly more pain. Asmodeus claimed Lucifer could be killed with a stab to the heart with an angel blade in his weakened state.
- Angel banishing sigil - This sigil could banish Lucifer.
- Angel Depowering Sigil - This sigil could temporarily weaken Lucifer.
- Angel Suppressing Sigil - This sigil could temporarily weaken Lucifer and allow his vessel to gain control.
- Enochian sigils - Lucifer can't find people with enochian sigils carved in their ribs.
- Enochian Brass Knuckles - Lucifer can be harmed by Enochian Brass Knuckles, as shown when Mary Winchester managed to knock him back and even make him bleed by punching him with them, despite the fact he is normally completely unaffected by human punches. However, he is still far more resilient to them that normal angels.
- Lucifer's Cage - This cell can hold Lucifer, without any internal means of escape, as it was designed to bind Lucifer's power. Lucifer has also shown immense fear of the Cage, with Alternate Michael discovering that it is his greatest fear, and Lucifer himself stating that it was 'awful'.
- Nick's Body (formerly) - Crowley had his research and development team study the composition of the cage and carve its runes and spellwork into every molecule of Nick's body. This not only trapped Lucifer in his vessel on Earth, but also made him vulnerable to Crowley's power.
- The Colt - It caused him pain and he was knocked him down for a short time when he was shot in the head, but it can't kill Lucifer.
- Angel Trap - He could be trapped for a short time.
- Holy Oil - Holy fire could hold Lucifer for a short time.
- Hand of God - The Hands of God contain enough power to harm Lucifer. Crowley absorbed the power of the Rod of Aaron and attempted to use a physical attack from the Rod to damage Lucifer. Even though the blast Crowley fired at Lucifer hit the demon Simmons, who defended Lucifer from the blast by standing in front of him, Lucifer was still thrown across the room by the force of the blast and it significantly hurt him, causing him to bleed.
- Hyperbolic pulse generator - Sam used this device with Angel depowering sigil against Lucifer to expel him from his vessel.
- Magic - Lucifer could be briefly restrained, banished, paralyzed and deteriorated by spells.
- Men of Letters bunker - The bunker where the Winchesters reside is heavily warded against supernatural creatures, and Lucifer is incapable to teleport inside unless the door is opened to him.
- Weak Vessels - As Lucifer said, a vessel besides Sam limits his powers. In a weak vessel like Vince Vincente, Lucifer's endurance, immunity, strength and powers are greatly reduced, to the point that Crowley was able to telekinetically fling him across the room, Castiel was able to hold on his own against him, and Sam could counter his telekinetic pull for a considerable amount of time with just his raw strength.
- Christian Cross - Contact with a cross hurts Lucifer and burns his skin.
- Grace Removal - Like any other angel, Lucifer can have his grace removed, which would render him human. Removal of most of his grace leaves him significantly weakened. After the alternate Michael removed a good deal of his grace, simply flashing his eyes red briefly left Lucifer exhausted and he could not counter Asmodeus. When enraged, Lucifer's powers are stronger allowing him to use his telekinesis and break the warding around his and Castiel's cells. However, fighting four demons immediately afterwards with Castiel's help was enough to exhaust him. He is now more vulnerable to angel blades as a result as well. After being weakened in this manner, Lucifer began displaying more human characteristics such as hunger and feeling the cold. In his weakened state, Lucifer was shown to be vulnerable to the Prince of Hell Asmodeus, as well as the Seraph Castiel, who was able to harm him with an angel blade.
- Devil's trap - Like all demons, Satan can be imprisoned by a devil's trap. However, he states that it won't hold him long, and, unlike other demons, still retains his superhuman strength and telekinesis inside it.
- Holy water - Satan finds contact with holy water painful and it can be used to stun him. However he still takes it better than a regular demon, recovering from its effects quicker.
- Holy fire - Although it cannot kill him and he seems to be more resistant to it than lower-level demons, contact with holy fire is extremely painful to Satan. When Sam set him aflame with holy fire, he quickly exited his vessel and fled rather than continue enduring the agony it caused him.
Banishing or Destroying/Killing[]
- Exorcism - Like most demons, Satan is vulnerable to an exorcism.
Beings[]
- Primordial Entities - Death, God, and Amara can effortlessly kill Lucifer. God was described as being capable of defeating Lucifer with sufficiently little effort that the Earth wouldn't have to be destroyed in process and could effortlessly negate Lucifer's powers without him even noticing. Amara could easily defeat Lucifer and severely torture him as well as exorcise him with ease.
- Jack - Possesses the power to control and destroy Lucifer before he stole Jack's power. In Game Night Jack effortlessly overpowered Lucifer and banished him to The Empty.
- Archangels - Lucifer can be harmed by his closest siblings. While he is much stronger than either Gabriel or Raphael, they are still capable of harming him, as shown by how Gabriel telekinetically threw him away. Michael, being older, is strong enough to overpower and kill him. Alternate Michael, known for being an even stronger Archangel than the main Michael, was able to easily defeat and restrain him. Later on, a single energy blast from this Michael was sufficient to render him unable to fight and cause him to bleed. Even while super-charged, Lucifer was still affected by physical blows from Dean harnessing the Alternate Michael's full power. During his battle with the Main Universe Michael, Lucifer opted to avoid Michael's attacks by teleporting away instead of taking it head-on and catching him off-guard before knocking him down to the ground with an energy blast. However, Michael was ultimately able to kill Lucifer, albeit with the help of an archangel blade and the element of surprise.
Weapons[]
- Archangel Blades - An archangel's blade, when wielded by an archangel, can kill Lucifer. Even when super-charged with his son's grace and with the power to unravel and remake the universe, Lucifer still remained vulnerable to an archangel blade as he remained an archangel, albeit super-charged. While powered by the Apocalypse World Michael whom he was acting as a vessel to, Dean was able to use an archangel blade to kill Lucifer. Later, Michael was able to kill his resurrected brother using an archangel blade.
- Lance of Michael - It was created by Michael to slowly and painfully destroy Lucifer.
- Excalibur: The magical Excalibur sword is one of the few magical items able to harm Lucifer. It was capable of slicing Lucifer's hand off, however he stated he would be able to grow it back.
- The First Blade - As the First Blade can kill any demon no matter how powerful, it could kill Satan too.
- Death's Scythe - It can kill almost any creature or being, including every kind of demon.
Paraphernalia[]
Equipment[]
- Clairvoyant Mirror: During his time as Ruler of Hell, Lucifer used a magical mirror that allowed him to see events transpiring in locations he doesn't have access to, in a similar way to a crystal ball.
- Moonlight Blade: Lucifer carried a magical blade made up of calcified moonlight, which had the power to cut into the fabric of reality, allowing its user to travel anywhere in the universe. Lucifer created this blade himself through magic ritual.
Weapons[]
- Leviathan Blade: Lucifer possesses a sword forged from the spine of an infant Leviathan, a mythical sea serpent. This blade was gifted to him by Lady Sin.
Gallery[]
Modern popular culture[]
See also[]
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- Angra Mainyu
- Aphrodite
- Astarte
- Asura
- Aurvandil, aka Earendel
- Azazel
- Devil in popular culture
- Doctor Faustus, tragic play by Christopher Marlowe
- Erlik
- Guardian of the Threshold
- Inferno, first of the three canticas of Dante's Divine Comedy
- Luceafărul, a poem by the poet Mihai Eminescu
- Luceafărul, a literary magazine
- The Lucifer Effect
- Lucifer and Prometheus
- Lucis Trust
- Phosphorus, the morning star, aka Eosphorus and Heosphorus
- Shahar
References[]
- ↑ Lucifer is the Latin name for the planet Venus in its morning appearances. It corresponds to the Greek names Φωσφόρος, "light-bringer", and Ἑωσφόρος, "dawn-bringer".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Isaiah Chapter 14". mechon-mamre.org. The Mamre Institute. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Old Testament Hebrew Lexical Dictionary.
- ↑ Isaiah 14:12 KJV
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kohler, Kaufmann (2006). Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion with Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-7661-6608-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=xIaQYpGrmdIC&q=vulgate&pg=PA5. "Lucifer, is taken from the Latin version, the Vulgate" Originally published New York: The MacMillan Co., 1923.
- ↑ "Latin Vulgate Bible: Isaiah 14". DRBO.org. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Vulgate: Isaiah Chapter 14" . Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles. "A Latin Dictionary". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-57607-094-9. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofgr0000dixo. "dixon-kennedy lucifer."
- ↑ Smith, William (1878). "Lucifer". A Smaller Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography. New York City: Harper. p. 235. https://books.google.com/books?id=fZUOAAAAYAAJ&q=Smith+Classical+Dictionary+Lucifer&pg=PA235.
- ↑ Catullus 62.8.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Lucifer" in Encyclopaedia Britannica].
- ↑ Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2004). The Fall of the Angels. Leiden: BRILL. p. 62. ISBN 978-90-04-12668-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC.
- ↑ Cicero wrote: Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos; The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun – De Natura Deorum 2, 20, 53.
Pliny the Elder: Sidus appellatum Veneris … ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper (The star called Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer … but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper) Natural History 2, 36. - ↑ Virgil wrote:
Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura
carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent
(Let us hasten, when first the Morning Star appears, to the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy) [1]Georgics 3:324–325.
And Lucan:
Lucifer a Casia prospexit rupe diemque
misit in Aegypton primo quoque sole calentem
(The morning-star looked forth from Mount Casius and sent the daylight over Egypt, where even sunrise is hot) Lucan, Pharsalia, 10:434–435;
English translation by J. D. Duff (Loeb Classical Library). - ↑ Ovid wrote:
… vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu
purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
atria: diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit
Lucifer et caeli statione novissimus exit
(Aurora, awake in the glowing east, opens wide her bright doors, and her rose-filled courts. The stars, whose ranks are shepherded by Lucifer the morning star, vanish, and he, last of all, leaves his station in the sky) Metamorphoses 2.114–115; A. S. Kline's Version.
And Statius:
Et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto
impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras,
rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti
sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras
aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo
Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem
impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori
(And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sister her beams) [2]Statius, Thebaid 2, 134–150;
P. Papinius Statius (2007). Thebaid and Achilleid. Volume II. Collaboration with M. J. Edwards. ISBN 978-1-84718-354-5. http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847183545-sample.pdf. - ↑ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 492.
- ↑ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2. https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall.
- ↑ Astronomica 2. 4 (trans. Grant).
- ↑ Metamorphoses 2. 112 ff (trans. Melville).
- ↑ Metamorphoses, 11:295.
- ↑ Metamorphoses, 11:271.
- ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca, 1.7.4.
- ↑ "EOSPHORUS & HESPERUS (Eosphoros & Hesperos) – Greek Gods of the Morning & Evening Stars".
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3. 19.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Gary V. Smith (30 August 2007). Isaiah 1–30. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-8054-0115-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=cLN08jf_C2EC&q=%22several+attempts+to+find+mythical+allusions%22&pg=PA314. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Marvin Alan Sweeney (1996). Isaiah 1–39. Eerdmans. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-8028-4100-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&q=%22identified+with+the+morning+star%22&pg=PA238. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Cooley, Jeffrey L. (2008). "Inana and Šukaletuda: A Sumerian Astral Myth". KASKAL 5: 161–172. ISSN 1971-8608. https://www.academia.edu/1247599.
- ↑ Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-7141-1705-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana.
- ↑ Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6. https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Lucifer". Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10177-lucifer.
- ↑ Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the gods and goddesses of Canaan. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-8264-6830-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC.
- ↑ Boyd, Gregory A. (1997). God at War: The Bible & Spiritual Conflict. InterVarsity Press. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-8308-1885-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj791_BeAF0C.
- ↑ Pope, Marvin H. (1955). Marvin H. Pope, El in the Ugaritic Texts. https://books.google.com/books?id=ns4UAAAAIAAJ&q=Pope+%22El+in+the+Ugaritic+texts%22. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Gunkel, Hermann (2006). "Isa 14:12–14". Creation And Chaos in the Primeval Era And the Eschaton. A Religio-historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-8028-2804-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pNstLQ8i3nsC&q=%22Isa+14:12-14%22&pg=PA89. "… it is even more definitely certain that we are dealing with a native myth!"
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 511. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=%22any+Canaanite+myth%22&pg=PA511. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Schwartz, Howard (2004). Tree of souls: The mythology of Judaism. New York City: OUP. p. 108. ISBN 0-19-508679-1.
- ↑ Houtman, Iberdina; Kadari, Tamar; Poorthuis, Marcel; Tohar, Vered (2016). Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 978-9-004-33481-6. https://brill.com/abstract/book/edcoll/9789004334816/B9789004334816_007.xml.
- ↑ Cicero. De Natura Deorum. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14988.
- ↑ "Isaiah 14 Biblos Interlinear Bible". Interlinearbible.org. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Isaiah 14 Hebrew OT: Westminster Leningrad Codex". Wlc.hebrewtanakh.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "ASTRONOMY – Helel, Son of the Morning.". The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy.
- ↑ "ASTRONOMY – Helel Son of the Morning". The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2052-astronomy.
- ↑ Wilken, Robert (2007). Isaiah: Interpreted by Early Christian and Medieval Commentators. Grand Rapids MI: Wm Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 171. ISBN 978-0-8028-2581-0.
- ↑ Gunkel expressly states that "the name Helel ben Shahar clearly states that it is a question of a nature myth. Morning Star, son of Dawn has a curious fate. He rushes gleaming up towards heaven, but never reaches the heights; the sunlight fades him away." (Schöpfung und Chaos, p. 133)
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Hebrew Concordance: hê·lêl – 1 Occurrence – Bible Suite". Bible Hub. Leesburg, Florida: Biblos.com. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ 47.0 47.1 Strong's Concordance, H1966
- ↑ "LXX Isaiah 14" . Septuagint.org. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX): Isaiah 14" . Bibledatabase.net. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "LXX Isaiah 14" . Biblos.com. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Septuagint Isaiah 14" . Sacred Texts. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Greek Septuagint (LXX) Isaiah – Chapter 14" . Blue Letter Bible. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Neil Forsyth (1989). The Old Enemy: Satan and the Combat Myth. Princeton University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-691-01474-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=4W5gzptzfxUC&q=heosphoros+septuagint&pg=136. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ Nwaocha Ogechukwu Friday (30 May 2012). The Devil: What Does He Look Like?. American Book Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58982-662-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=SD6-YKBqGr0C&q=heosphoros+septuagint&pg=PA35. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Adelman, Rachel (2009). The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer and the Pseudepigrapha. Leiden: BRILL. p. 67. ISBN 978-90-04-17049-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7Ue5kAkw20C.
- ↑ Taylor, Bernard A.; with word definitions by J. Lust; Eynikel, E.; Hauspie, K. (2009). Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint (Expanded ed.). Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-56563-516-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&q=ἑωσφόρος&pg=256.
- ↑ Isaiah 14:3–4 NIV
- ↑ Isaiah 14:12–17 NIV
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Laney, J. Carl (1997). Answers to Tough Questions from Every Book of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-8254-3094-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=sIWn6lYS-MQC&q=Laney+%22king+of+babylon++mentioned%22&pg=PA127. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ Isaiah 14:16 NIV
- ↑ Carol J. Dempsey (2010). Isaiah: God's Poet of Light. Chalice Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8272-1630-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yf-BVeN6TbIC&q=Dempsey+%22king+remains+obscure%22&pg=PA34. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Manley, Johanna; Manley, edited by Johanna (1995). Isaiah through the Ages. Menlo Park, Calif.: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-0-9622536-3-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&q=manley+%22assyrian+rather+than+a+Babylonian%22&pg=PA260. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ Breslauer, S. Daniel, ed. (1997). The seductiveness of Jewish myth : challenge or response?. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 280. ISBN 0-7914-3602-0. https://archive.org/details/seductivenessjew00bres.
- ↑ Roy F. Melugin; Marvin Alan Sweeney (1996). New Visions of Isaiah. Sheffield: Continuum International. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-85075-584-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=wA_odaujfPMC&q=%22specific+ruler+of+Babylon%22&pg=PA116. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ Doorly, William J. (1992). Isaiah of Jerusalem. New York: Paulist Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8091-3337-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=oPGVPbOXbccC&q=Doorly+%22identification+of+the+king%22&pg=PA93. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ Isaiah 14:18
- ↑ Wolf, Herbert M. (1985). Interpreting Isaiah: The Suffering and Glory of the Messiah. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Academie Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-310-39061-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ6YdyS_ATEC&q=herbert+wolf+%22refer+to+a+specific+ruler%22&pg=PA112.
- ↑ Herzog, Schaff- (1909). Samuel MacAuley Jackson. ed. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Chamier-Draendorf (Volume 3 ed.). USA: Funk & Wagnalls Co.. p. 400. ISBN 1-4286-3183-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=lCc4MjCe7B4C&q=heylel&pg=PA400. "Heylel (Isa. xiv. 12), the "day star, fallen from heaven," is interesting as an early instance of what, especially in pseudepigraphic literature, became a dominant conception, that of fallen angels."
- ↑ Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm (1. paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. pp. 148, 149. ISBN 0-8276-0797-0.
- ↑ Adelman, Rachel (2009). pp. 61–62.
- ↑ David L. Jeffrey (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Eerdmans. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-8028-3634-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&q=Origen+name+Lucifer&pg=PA199. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Berlin, Adele, ed. (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 978-0-19-973004-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=%22expanded+role%22. "The notion of Satan as the opponent of God and the chief evil figure in a panoply of demons seems to emerge in the Pseudepigrapha ... Satan's expanded role describes him as ... cast out of heaven as a fallen angel (a misinterpretation of Is 14.12).""
- ↑ Revelation 12:7–9 ESV
- ↑ Sigve K Tonstad (20 January 2007). Saving God's Reputation. London, New York City: Continuum. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-567-04494-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=YYNJxKrhcDAC&q=Tonstad+%22derives+from+the+poem%22&pg=PA75. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Link, Luther (1995). The Devil: A Mask without a Face. Clerkenwell, London: Reaktion Books. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-948462-67-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC.
- ↑ Kelly, Joseph Francis (2002). The Problem of Evil in the Western Tradition. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8146-5104-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg2RJAIZ4k4C.
- ↑ Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2004). p. 62.
- ↑ Fekkes, Jan (1994). Isaiah and Prophetic Traditions in the Book of Revelation. London, New York City: Continuum. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-85075-456-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnXbRWbi0AC.
- ↑ Isaiah 14:14 NIV
- ↑ Migne, Patrologia latina, vol. 2, cols. 500 and 514
- ↑ English translation by Ernest Evans
- ↑ Jeffrey Burton Russell (1987). Satan: The Early Christian Tradition. Cornell University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8014-9413-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=gxwR74&pg=PA95. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Luke 10:18 NIV
- ↑ The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories. Merriam-Webster. 1991. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-87779-603-9. https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr. Retrieved 23 December 2012. "name Lucifer was born -magazine."
- ↑ Harold Bloom (2005). Satan. Infobase Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-7910-8386-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=X5-pmLBcw44C&q=%22the+name+Lucifer+was+given%22&pg=PA57. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ Francis Andrew March, Latin Hymns with English Notes (Douglass Series of Christian Greek and Latin Writers), vol. 1, p. 218: "Lucifer: God – Christ is here addressed as the true light bringer, in distinction from the planet Venus. Such etymological turns are common in the hymns. [...] This description of the King of Babylon was applied by Tertullian and others to Satan, and the mistake has led to the present meanings of Lucifer. See Webster's Dictionary."
- ↑ Larry Alavezos (29 September 2010). A Primer on Salvation and Bible Prophecy. TEACH Services. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-57258-640-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_1Y-9sCXItMC&q=%22the+KJV+correctly+translates%22&pg=PA94. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ David W. Daniels (2003). Answers to Your Bible Version Questions. Chick Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7589-0507-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=vDrfOawsb4UC&q=%22say+Lucifer+or+morning+star%22&pg=PA64. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ William Dembski (2009). The End of Christianity. B&H Publishing Group. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8054-2743-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=C7a9fgCKqz8C&q=%22refers+preeminently+to+Satan%22&pg=PA219. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ↑ Cain, Andrew (2011). The fathers of the church. Jerome. Commentary on Galatians. Washington, D.C.: CUA Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8132-0121-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=vwbtWmJYyIUC.
- ↑ Hoffmann, Tobias, ed. (2012). A Companion to Angels in Medieval Philosophy. Leiden: BRILL. p. 262. ISBN 978-90-04-18346-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ3VbQU0w24C.
- ↑ Nicolas de Dijon (1730) (in it). Prediche Quaresimali: Divise In Due Tomi, Volume 2. Storti. p. 230. https://books.google.com/books?id=p09CAAAAcAAJ.
- ↑ Corson, Ron (2008). "Who is Lucifer...or Satan misidentified". newprotestants.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Johanna Manley (1995). Isaiah through the Ages. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-9622536-3-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=y17fkvqXOBcC&q=%22Theodoret+of+Cyrus%22%22illusion+of+so+being%22&pg=PA252. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- ↑ "Ésaïe 14:12". saintebible.com. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Jesaja 14:12" . Bibeltext.com. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Isaías 14:12–17" . Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Isaías 14:12" . Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Weber, Robert, ed. (2007). "Liber Isaiae Prophetae". Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 1111. ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9. http://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5.
- ↑ Calvin, John (2007). Commentary on Isaiah. I:404. Translated by John King. Charleston, S.C.: Forgotten Books.
- ↑ Ridderbos, Jan (1985). The Bible Student's Commentary: Isaiah. Translated by John Vriend. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Regency. p. 142.
- ↑ Michael C. Thomsett Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History McFarland 2011 ISBN 978-0-786-48539-0 page 71
- ↑ Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-834-82414-0 p. 745-755 and p. 831
- ↑ Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition Shambhala Publications 2009 ISBN 978-0-834-82414-0 p. 745-755 and p. 751
- ↑ "Devils – Encyclopedia of Mormonism".
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "D&C 76:25–29".
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "D&C 10:27".
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Lucifer - churchofjesuschrist.org".
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Isaiah 14:12, footnote c".
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Charlesworth Vol.1 p. 405 Sibylline Oracles line 517 "Lucifer fought mounted on the back of Leo"
- ↑ Psalms 110:3
- ↑ Anthony Maas, "Lucifer" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1910)
- ↑ Sirach 50:6
- ↑ Revelation 2:28
- ↑ Revelation 22:16
- ↑ March, Francis Andrew Latin Hymns with English Notes, Douglass Series of Christian Greek and Latin Writers. Vol.1 Latin Hymns. Notes p218 "Lucifer: God – Christ is here addressed as the true light bringer, in distinction from the planet Venus. Such etymological turns are common in the hymns. Lucifer is a familiar epithet of John the Baptist in the early church, as well as of the "Son of the morning," mentioned in Isaiah xiv., ... This description of the King of Babylon was applied by Tertullian and others to Satan, and the mistake has led to the present meanings of Lucifer. See Webster's Dictionary."
- ↑ March Notes p224 "Lucifer: this the lovers of allegory interpreted of Christ, making John the Baptist the praeco."
- ↑ March Notes p235 "For the use of Lucifer for Christ, see Hilary's hymn as above".
- ↑ Mark Amsler, Etymology and Grammatical Discourse in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (John Benjamins 1989) ISBN 978-90-272-4527-4, p. 66
- ↑ Michelle Belanger (2007). Vampires in Their Own Words: An Anthology of Vampire Voices. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-7387-1220-8.
- ↑ Spence, L. (1993). An Encyclopedia of Occultism. Carol Publishing.
- ↑ LaVey, Anton Szandor (1969). "The Book of Lucifer: The Enlightenment". The Satanic Bible. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-01539-9. https://archive.org/details/satanicbible00lave.
- ↑ "Adversarial Doctrine". Bible of the Adversary. Succubus Productions. 2007. p. 8.
- ↑ "Leo Taxil's confession". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. 2 April 2001. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Freemasonry Disclosed April 1897
- ↑ (Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma, p. 321).
- ↑ (Masonic information: Lucifer).
- ↑ "Leo Taxil: The tale of the Pope and the Pornographer". Retrieved 14 September 2006.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ 129.0 129.1 Magliocco, Sabina. (2009). Aradia in Sardinia: The Archaeology of a Folk Character. Pp. 40-60 in Ten Years of Triumph of the Moon. Hidden Publishing.
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 Charles G. Leland, Aradia: The Gospel of Witches, Theophania Publishing, US, 2010
- ↑ Magliocco, Sabina. (2006). Italian American Stregheria and Wicca: Ethnic Ambivalence in American Neopaganism. Pp. 55-86 in Michael Strmiska, ed., Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
Further reading[]
- Charlesworth, James H., ed. (2010). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha.. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN 978-1-59856-491-4.
- TBD; Elwell, Walter A.; Comfort, Philip W. (2001). Walter A. Elwell. ed. Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Dayspring, Daystar. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers. p. 363. ISBN 0-8423-7089-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=hWkoFOvbWW4C&q=0842370897&pg=PA114-IA2.
- Campbell, Joseph (1972). Myths To Live By (Repr. 2nd ed.). [London]: Souvenir Press. ISBN 0-285-64731-8.
External links[]
- The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2010). Lucifer (classical mythology). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [Lucifer (devil) "Lucifer (devil)"]. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Lucifer (devil).
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