Incantation

For other uses, see Incantation (disambiguation).

19th century book of incantations, written by a Welsh physician

An incantation, a spell, a charm, an enchantment or a bewitchery, is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects. The formula can be spoken, sung or chanted. An incantation can also be performed during ceremonial rituals or prayers. In the world of magic, incantations are said to be performed by wizards, witches, and fairies.

In medieval literature, folklore, fairy tales, and modern fantasy fiction, enchantments are charms or spells. This has led to the terms "enchanter" and "enchantress" for those who use enchantments. The term was loaned into English around AD 1300. The corresponding native English term being "galdr" "song, spell". The weakened sense "delight" (compare the same development of "charm") is modern, first attested in 1593 (OED).

Surviving written records of historical magic spells were largely obliterated in many cultures by the success of the major monotheistic religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), which label some magical activity as immoral or associated with evil.

Etymology

The Enchanted Garden of Messer Ansaldo by Marie Spartali Stillman

The Latin incantare, which means "to consecrate with spells, to charm, to bewitch, to ensorcel", forms the basis of the word "enchant", with deep linguistic roots going back to the Proto-Indo-European kan- prefix. So it can be said that an enchanter or enchantress casts magic spells, or utters incantations, similar to what are called Mantra in Sanskrit.

The words that are similar to incantations such as enchantment, charms and spells are the effects of reciting an incantation. To be enchanted is to be under the influence of an enchantment, usually thought to be caused by charms or spells.

Magic words

File:Abracadabra triangle (cropped).jpg

Classic magic words

Main article: Magic word

Magic words or words of power are words which have a specific, and sometimes unintended, effect. They are often nonsense phrases used in fantasy fiction or by stage prestidigitators. Frequently such words are presented as being part of a divine, adamic, or other secret or empowered language. Certain comic book heroes use magic words to activate their powers.

Examples of traditional magic words include Abracadabra, Hocus pocus, Open sesame and Sim Sala Bim.

Craig Conley, a scholar of magic, writes that the magic words used by conjurers may originate from "pseudo-Latin phrases, nonsense syllables, or esoteric terms from religious antiquity," but that what they have in common is "language as an instrument of creation."

Uses

In Babylonian, incantations can be used in rituals to burn images of one's own enemies. An example would be found in the series of Mesopotamian incantations of Šurpu and Maqlû. In the Orient, the charming of snakes have been used in incantations of the past and still used today. A person using an incantation would entice the snake out of its hiding place in order to get rid of them.

In Jewish religion

In Jewish rites reciting a verse from the Hebrew Bible, a person has to follow strict Jewish rules. The performer of an incantation has to prepare three days ahead of time with fasting, praying and studying. The Jewish law requires that incantations only be recited during the new or full moon, before sunset, and during the Sabbath. The Talmud mentions that incantations are to be in the name of the mother. An incantation of a Bible quotation attached to a charm or object is often recited backward and frontwards.

Udug-hul

Main article: Udug

Incantations are often seen in demonic activity where the devil uses words to bring misfortune or sickness to someone. Some illnesses include mental illness or anxiety. The aspect of the devil in incantations is feared by many. The demons can create horrible events such as divorce, loss of property, or other catastrophes.

In folklore and fiction

File:Orlando Furioso 13.jpg

The enchantress Alcina makes herself appear beautiful, in Orlando Furioso

In traditional fairy tales sometimes magical formulas are attached to an object and when spoken can help transform the object into the imaginable from the unimaginable. In these stories, often incantations are attached to a magic wand used by wizards, witches and fairy-god mothers. A widely known example is the spell that Cinderella's Fairy Godmother used to turn a pumpkin into a coach. Incantations often nonsense or whimsical rhymes are performed.

Modern uses and interpretations

The performance of magic almost always involves the use of language. Whether spoken out loud or unspoken, words are frequently used to access or guide magical power. In The Magical Power of Words (1968), S. J. Tambiah argues that the connection between language and magic is due to a belief in the inherent ability of words to influence the universe. Bronisław Malinowski, in Coral Gardens and their Magic (1935), suggests that this belief is an extension of man's basic use of language to describe his surroundings, in which "the knowledge of the right words, appropriate phrases and the more highly developed forms of speech, gives man a power over and above his own limited field of personal action." Magical speech is therefore a ritual act and is of equal or even greater importance to the performance of magic than non-verbal acts.

Not all speech is considered magical. Only certain words and phrases or words spoken in a specific context are considered to have magical power. Magical language, according to C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards's (1923) categories of speech, is distinct from scientific language because it is emotive and it converts words into symbols for emotions; whereas in scientific language words are tied to specific meanings and refer to an objective external reality. Magical language is therefore particularly adept at constructing metaphors that establish symbols and link magical rituals to the world.

Malinowski argues that "the language of magic is sacred, set and used for an entirely different purpose to that of ordinary life." The two forms of language are differentiated through word choice, grammar, style, or by the use of specific phrases or forms: prayers, spells, songs, blessings, or chants, for example. Sacred modes of language often employ archaic words and forms in an attempt to invoke the purity or "truth" of a religious or a cultural "golden age". The use of Hebrew in Judaism is an example.

Another potential source of the power of words is their secrecy and exclusivity. Much sacred language is differentiated enough from common language that it is incomprehensible to the majority of the population and it can only be used and interpreted by specialized practitioners (magicians, priests, shamans, even mullahs). In this respect, Tambiah argues that magical languages violate the primary function of language: communication. Yet adherents of magic are still able to use and to value the magical function of words by believing in the inherent power of the words themselves and in the meaning that they must provide for those who do understand them. This leads Tambiah to conclude that "the remarkable disjunction between sacred and profane language which exists as a general fact is not necessarily linked to the need to embody sacred words in an exclusive language."

Some collections of charms

• The Anglo-Saxon metrical charms
• The Carmina Gadelica, a collection of Gaelic oral poetry, much of it charms
• The Atharva Veda, a collection of charms, and the Rigveda, a collection of hymns or incantations
• Hittite ritual texts
• The Greek Magical Papyri
• Mandaean style incantations
• The Merseburg charms
• Cyprianus
• Pow-Wows; or, Long Lost Friend
• You can listen to a Babylonian incantation being read aloud by a modern scholar. (It is possible to view a translation and transcription while listening).
• Mesopotamian incantations were composed to counter anything from witchcraft (Maqlû) to field pests (Zu-buru-dabbeda).

See also

• Bedknobs and Broomsticks
• Carmen (verse), the term for an Ancient Roman incantation
• Incantation bowl
• Kotodama
• Lorica (incantation)
• Mantra
• Prayer
• Shamanism
• Yajna
• Zagavory

Photos

File:A compleat history of magik, sorcery, and wi Wellcome L0026620.jpg

A complete history of magik, sorcery, and wi Wellcome L0026620