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Extreme metal

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Extreme metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural origins1980s, United States and Europe
Derivative forms
Subgenres
  • Black metal (ambient black metal
  • folk black metal
  • industrial black metal
  • National Socialist black metal
  • post-black metal (blackgaze)
  • psychedelic black metal
  • raw black metal
  • symphonic black metal
  • unblack metal)
  • death metal (brutal death metal
  • industrial death metal
  • melodic death metal
  • old school death metal
  • slam death metal
  • symphonic death metal
  • technical death metal)
  • doom metal (epic doom
  • traditional doom)
  • speed metal
  • thrash metal
Fusion genres
Between extreme metal genres
  • Black-doom (depressive suicidal black metal)
  • blackened death-doom
  • blackened death metal (melodic black-death
  • war metal)
  • blackened thrash metal
  • death-doom (funeral doom)
  • deathrash
With punk rock
  • Crossover thrash
  • crust punk (blackened crust (Red and Anarchist black metal))
  • grindcore (blackened grindcore
  • deathgrind
  • electrogrind
  • goregrind
  • noisegrind
  • pornogrind)
  • metalcore (deathcore
  • easycore
  • electronicore
  • mathcore
  • melodic metalcore
  • nu metalcore
  • progressive metalcore)
  • sludge metal (sludgecore)
With other rock styles
  • Black 'n' roll
  • death 'n' roll
  • gothic-doom
  • progressive doom
  • stoner metal (desert rock)
With other musical styles
  • Drone metal
  • pagan metal
  • Viking metal
Regional scenes
  • Australia
  • Brazil
  • Finland
  • Florida
  • France
  • Germany
  • Japan
  • Norway
  • Netherlands
  • Poland
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
Local scenes
  • Birmingham
  • New York City
  • San Francisco Bay Area
Other topics

Extreme metal is a loosely defined umbrella term for a number of related heavy metal music subgenres that have developed since the early 1980s. It has been defined as a "cluster of metal subgenres characterized by sonic, verbal, and visual transgression".[1]

The term usually refers to a more abrasive, harsher, underground, non-commercialized style associated with the speed metal, thrash metal, black metal, death metal, and doom metal genres.[2] Hardcore punk has been considered an integral part of the development of extreme metal, in the case of song structure and speed,[3][4] in every case other than doom metal.[5]

Definitions[]

Extreme metal acts set themselves apart from traditional heavy metal acts, such as Iron Maiden, Judas Priest and Motörhead, by incorporating more abrasive musical characteristics such as higher tempos, increased aggression and a harsher extremity. In the majority of the world, extreme metal does not receive much radio-play or achieve high chart positions.[6]

Extreme metal's sonic excess is characterized by high levels of distortion (also in the vocals – growling, gargling or screaming), less focus on guitar solos and melody, emphasis on technical control, and fast tempos (at times, more than 200 beats per minute). Its thematic transgression can be found in more overt and/or serious references to Satanism and the darker aspects of human existence that are considered out of bounds or distasteful, such as death, suicide and war."[7] "Visual transgression [can include] ... medieval weaponry [and] bloody/horrific artwork."[7]

According to ethnographer Keith Kahn-Harris,[8] the defining characteristics of extreme metal can all be regarded as clearly transgressive: the "extreme" traits noted above are all intended to violate or transgress given cultural, artistic, social or aesthetic boundaries. Kahn-Harris states that extreme metal can be "close to being ... formless noise", at least to the uninitiated listener.[8]:33 He states that with extreme metal lyrics, they often "offer no possibility of hope or redemption" and lyrics often reference apocalyptic themes. Extreme metal lyrics often describe Christianity as weak or submissive,[8]:40 and many songs express misanthropic views such as "kill every thing".[8]:40 A small number of extreme metal bands and song lyrics take radical (left or right) political stances; for example, the Swedish black metal band Marduk has commonly referenced the Nazi Panzer tanks, which can be seen in works such as Panzer Division Marduk (1999).[8]:41

History[]

File:Venom live at hellfest.jpg

Venom in 2008

The British band Venom are one of the first bands to venture into extreme metal territory, due to their ideological shift into themes of evil, the devil and hell.[3] Their first two albums, Welcome to Hell (1981) and Black Metal (1982), are considered a major influence on thrash metal and extreme metal in general.[8] This early work by Venom, in combination with bands like Discharge, the Exploited and Amebix as well as American hardcore punk brought integral elements into the budding extreme metal landscape at the time.[3] In 1983, Metallica would release their debut album Kill 'Em All, which fused elements of the new wave of British heavy metal with hardcore punk and the style of Motörhead, becoming the first thrash metal album,[9] and would eventually be certified triple platinum.[10] A few months later, Slayer would release their own thrash metal album Show No Mercy, influenced by the sounds of Venom, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, and Mercyful Fate.[11]

When extreme metal band Hellhammer first began making music, it was generally panned by critics, leading to the members forming Celtic Frost in its place, which proved very influential on the progression of the genre. During this period, the line between extreme metal genres were blurred, as thrash metal bands such as Slayer, Sepultura, Sodom, Destruction and Kreator were integral to the first wave black metal scene.[3] The front cover of the Sarcófago's 1987 debut album, I.N.R.I., is regarded as a great influence on black metal's corpse paint style make-up.[12] That record is also considered one of the first wave black metal albums that helped shape the genre. Their second album, The Laws of Scourge, was one of the first technical death metal records to be released.[13]

List of genres[]

File:Venom (Brutal Assault 2014).jpg

Venom were significant to the development of speed metal into thrash metal into black metal.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Primary genres[]

Subgenres of primary genres[]

Fusion genres[]

Fusions between primary genres[]

Fusions with punk rock styles[]

Fusion with other rock styles[]

Fusions with other musical styles[]

Derivatives[]

Genres influenced by extreme metal but usually not considered extreme themselves:

References[]

  1. ↑ Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers. "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music" in IASPM Journal. Vol.4, no.1 (2014) p. 101
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 K. Kahn-Harris, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge (Berg Publishers, 2007), ISBN 1-84520-399-2, p. 31.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Andrews, J. "Origins of Evil: The Birth of Extreme Metal". Metal Injection. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
  4. ↑ K. Kahn-Harris, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge (Berg Publishers, 2007), ISBN 1-84520-399-2, p. 23.
  5. ↑ K. Kahn-Harris, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge (Berg Publishers, 2007), ISBN 1-84520-399-2, p. 4.
  6. ↑ McIver, Joel (2010). Extreme Metal II. p. 10. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Julian Schaap and Pauwke Berkers. "Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music" in IASPM Journal. Vol.4, no.1 (2014) p. 103
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Kahn-Harris, Keith, Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge, Oxford: Berg, 2007, ISBN 1-84520-399-2.
  9. ↑ Huey, Steve. "Metallica Kill 'Em All". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
  10. ↑ "METALLICA KILL 'EM ALL". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 12 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
  11. ↑ Gargano, Paul. "LiveDaily Interview: Tom Araya of Slayer". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
  12. ↑ Moynihan, Michael & Søderlind, Didrik: Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground. Feral House 1998, p. 36.
  13. ↑ "Sarcófago: pioneirismo, polêmica e death metal - Arquivo Valhalla". Whiplash. 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. {{cite web}}:
  14. ↑ Raymer, Miles (22 May 2008). "Beautiful Brutality". Chicago Reader. Wrapports. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. {{cite web}}:
  15. ↑ Unger, Matthew (22 August 2016). Sound, Symbol, Sociality: The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music. Springer. ISBN 9781137478351. https://books.google.com/books?id=uSHkDAAAQBAJ&q=folk+black+metal&pg=PA34. 
  16. ↑ Roel F., Interview with Treachery, Lords of Metal issue 87, December 2008. [1] Access date: 3 December 2008.
  17. ↑ Buesnel, Ryan David (November 2020). "National Socialist Black Metal: a case study in the longevity of far-right ideologies in heavy metal subcultures". Patterns of Prejudice 54 (3): 393–408. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2020.1800987. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346363338. 
  18. ↑ "The 10 essential post-black metal albums". 14 May 2019. {{cite web}}:
  19. ↑ Howells, Tom (5 October 2015). "Blackgaze: meet the bands taking black metal out of the shadows". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. {{cite web}}:
  20. ↑ "Oranssi Pazuzu - Decibel Magazine". 22 February 2016. {{cite web}}:
  21. ↑ Smialek, Eric (2015). Genre and Expression in Extreme Metal Music, ca. 1990–2015 (PhD). https://www.academia.edu/24562305. 
  22. ↑ Hagen, Ross; Barratt-Peacock, Ruth, eds. (6 September 2019). Medievalism and Metal Music Studies. Emerald Publishing Limited. pp. 216. ISBN 9781787563971. 
  23. ↑ "Symphonic Black Metal : Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed : AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 September 2012. {{cite web}}:
  24. ↑ Sol (11 February 2015). "7 Christian Black Metal Bands You Need To Hear". Metal Injection. Retrieved 16 February 2021. {{cite web}}:
  25. ↑ Phillipov, Michelle (31 August 2018). Death Metal and Music Criticism: Analysis at the Limits. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739164594. https://books.google.com/books?id=rSZOph-zlEgC&q=brutal+death+metal&pg=PA120. 
  26. ↑ Arnopp, Jason (1993). "Industrial Metal: A User's Guide". Kerrang! (462): 44. 
  27. ↑ Bowar, Chad. "What Is Melodic Death Metal?". About.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017. {{cite web}}:
  28. ↑ Purcell, N. Death Metal music: the passion and politics of a subculture, at 9, McFarland, 2003 (retrieved 3 June 2011)
  29. ↑ Purcell, Natalie J. (2003). Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture. McFarland. pp. 23. ISBN 0-7864-1585-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZErQs5hCUQC&q=%22gore+grind%22&pg=PA24. Retrieved 28 November 2007. 
  30. ↑ Wise, Lauren (14 April 2015). "Discover Your Next Favorite Phoenix Metal Band at AZ Brutal Fest". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved 6 July 2017. {{cite web}}:
  31. ↑ "The 10 Essential Symphonic Metal Albums". Metal Hammer. 2 November 2016. http://teamrock.com/feature/2016-11-02/the-10-essential-symphonic-metal-albums. 
  32. ↑ Simms, Kelley. "Obscura Interview". About.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012. {{cite web}}:
  33. ↑ Hayes, Craig. "Witch Mountain – Cauldron Of The Wild Review". About.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012. {{cite web}}:
  34. ↑ Henderson, Alex. "Fear of Infinity". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2012. {{cite web}}:
  35. ↑ Hayes, Craig. "Pallbearer – Sorrow And Extinction Review". About.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012. {{cite web}}:
  36. ↑ Newshound, Terrorizer. "ITALIAN BLACKENED DOOMSTERS FORGOTTEN TOMB PLAN RELEASE review". Terrorizer Online. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2009. {{cite web}}:
  37. ↑ Marsicano, Dan. "Ordo Obsidium – Orbis Tertius Review review". About.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012. {{cite web}}:
  38. ↑ Yavuz, Mehmet Selim (September 2015). Dead is dead: Perspectives on the Meaning of Death in Depressive Suicidal Black Metal Music through Musical Representations (MMus). https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:12942/CONTENT/mselimyavuznamedfinal.pdf/. 
  39. ↑ Kelly, Kim (29 March 2017). "Morast Expertly Synthesize Black, Death, and Doom Metal on 'Ancestral Void'". Noisey Vice. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
  40. ↑ Henderson, Alex. "Ninewinged Serpent - Devian". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2012. {{cite web}}:
  41. ↑ Bowar, Chad. "Hacavitz - Venganza Review". About.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2012. {{cite web}}:
  42. ↑ ANDREW, J (19 February 2015). "Blackened Melodic Death Metal: A History Lesson". Metal Injection. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018. {{cite web}}:
  43. ↑ Wolf-Rüdiger Mühlmann: War Black Metal: Die Extremsten der Extremen. Was bleibt, ist Schutt und Asche. In: Rock Hard, no. 279, p. 71-73.
  44. ↑ "The Best Metal Album From 40 Subgenres". Loudwire. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Tracey, Ciaran (March 2006). "Doom/Death: United in Grief", Terrorizer #142, pp.54-55.
  46. ↑ FORD, LEYLA (3 January 2012). "ALBUM OF THE DAY: DEATHCHAIN'S DEATHRASH ASSAULT". Metal Sucks. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2018. {{cite web}}:
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  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Von Havoc, Felix (1 January 1984). "Rise of Crust". Profane Existence. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2008. {{cite web}}:
  50. ↑ "De Zwaarste Metalgids: 66 metalgenres in één zin uitgelegd". Studio Brussel . Retrieved 20 February 2021. {{cite web}}:
  51. ↑ Gevorgyan, Elen. "Music, Ideology and How They Interact: A Journey from Sacred Music to Black Metal" (PDF). American University of Armenia. Retrieved 20 February 2021. {{cite web}}:
  52. ↑ Nonjon, Adrien (2019). Black Metal Theory Symposium Program. University of Ljubljana. Retrieved 20 February 2021. {{cite conference}}:
  53. ↑ "If It Ain't Got No Blastbeat, It's Not My Revolution: Panopticon". PopMatters. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2016. {{cite web}}:
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Notes[]

Further reading[]

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