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East Asia

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For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).

East Asia

东亚/東亞 Template:Zh icon
東アジア Invalid language code.
동아시아 Template:Ko icon
Дорнод Ази/ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ Template:Mn icon
Subregion of Asia
Location of East Asia
States[note 1]
  • Flag of the People's Republic of China China
  • Flag of Japan Japan
  • Template:MNG
  • Template:PRK
  • Template:ROK
  • Template:TWN
Dependencies
Major cities
List
    • Flag of the People's Republic of China China
      • Beijing
      • Shanghai
      • Tianjin
      • Chongqing
      • Chengdu
      • Guangzhou
      • Shenzhen
      • Nanjing
      • Wuhan
      • Shenyang
      • Dalian
      • Jinan
      • Hangzhou
      • Xiamen
      • Xi'an
      • Flag of Hong Kong Hong Kong
      • Template:MAC
    • Flag of Japan Japan
    • Template:MNG
      • Ulaanbaatar
      • Darkhan
      • Erdenet
    • Template:DPRK
      • Pyongyang
      • Kaesong
      • Sinuiju
      • Hamhung
    • Template:ROK
      • Seoul
      • Busan
      • Incheon
      • Daegu
      • Gwangju
      • Daejeon
      • Ulsan
      • Suwon
      • Changwon
    • Template:TWN
      • Taipei
      • New Taipei
      • Taoyuan
      • Taichung
      • Tainan
      • Kaohsiung
    • Others
Area
 • Total11,839,074 km2 (4,571,092 sq mi)
Population
 (2018)[note 3]
 • Total1,666,471,330
 • Rank2nd (World)
Time zone
  • UTC+7 (Mongolia)
  • UTC+8 (Mongolia, China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan)
  • UTC+9 (Japan, South Korea, North Korea)
Languages and language families
  GDP (Nominal)US$20.8 trillion
(2018 est.)[1]
East Asia
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File:East Asian Cultural Sphere.png

China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam are culturally East Asian

East Asia is the eastern subregion of Asia, defined in both geographical[2] and ethno-cultural[3] terms.[4][5] The region includes China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan.[2][4][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] People indigenous to the region are known as East Asians. China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam belong to the East Asian cultural sphere.[14]

The region was the cradle of various ancient civilizations such as ancient China, ancient Japan, ancient Korea, and the Mongol Empire.[15][16] East Asia was one of the cradles of world civilization, with China, an ancient East Asian civilization being one of the earliest cradles of civilization in human history. For thousands of years, China largely influenced East Asia (as it was principally the leading civilization in the region), exerting its enormous prestige and influence on its neighbors.[17][18][19] Historically, societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar preserves traditional East Asian culture and serves as the root to which many other East Asian calendars are derived from. Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana Buddhism which came via trade routes from India.[note 4]), Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Greater China, Buddhism and Shintoism in Japan, and Christianity, Buddhism, and Sindoism in Korea.[12] Shamanism is also prevalent among Mongols and other indigenous populations of northern East Asia such as the Manchus.[20][21]

East Asians comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 38% of the population in Continental Asia and 22% of the global population. The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei, and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of any sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).

History[]

Main article: History of East Asia

Like the Ancient Greeks and Romans and their profound influence on Europe and the Western World, China already possessed an advanced civilization nearly 1500+ years before its neighbors (c. 2000 BC) and through various Chinese dynasties has exerted cultural, economic, technological, political, and military influence across East Asia up to the present.[22][23][24][25][25][26] For many centuries, especially between the 7-14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization, commanding influence across the region up until the early modern period.[27]

China became the first literate nation in East Asia and has also provided Japan, Vietnam, and Korea with many loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems (see Chinese characters).[28] From around 200 BC to 200 AD, the Han dynasty hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanized as well as being the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region.[29] And China has always been the most populous epicenter in East Asia as well.

China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, and Confucian political institutions.[30]

Jōmon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea.

Vietnamese society was greatly impacted by Chinese influence, the northern part of Vietnam was occupied by Chinese empires and states for almost all of the period from 111 BC to 938 AD. In addition to administration, and making Chinese the language of administration, the long period of Chinese domination introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry.

Chinese culture, having been established among the elite mandarin class, remained the dominant current among that elite for most of the next 1,000 years (939-1870s) until the temporary loss of independence under French Indochina. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as against the Mongol Kublai Khan. The only significant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese Hồ dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the fourth Chinese invasion), but then after the expulsion of the Ming the rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature.

As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established (Korea by 4th century AD and Japan by the 7th century AD), Korea, Japan, and Vietnam actively began to incorporate Chinese cultural and religious influences such as the Chinese language, Classical Chinese in administration, written Han characters, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism (introduced from India via China), Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies like legalism, music, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with succeeding Chinese dynasties.[31] (See East Asian cultural sphere.)

The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[32][33][24][22]

The end of the 19th century to present.[]

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late 19th century, China's power began to decline. U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry forced Japan to open up.[34][35] After the 1860s, Japan modernized rapidly with the Meiji Restoration, transforming itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia's first industrialized nation.[36][11][35][36]

By the early 1900s, the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's first modern power. Japan defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War, thereafter annexing Korea and Taiwan from China.[36]

In 1905 Japan also vanquished its imperial rival Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. It was the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one and shocked the West.[37][34]

In prelude to WW2, Japan launched an invasion of mainland China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. It annexed Manchuria and absorbed more and more of the eastern coast, committing atrocities like Unit 731 and Nanjing Massacre along the way.

Japan's ultimate imperial dream was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia under its hegemonic control, establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[38]

After nearly a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, the US nuked Japan twice, leading to Allied victory in WW2 and the defeat and occupation of Japan.

The US and the Soviet Union also took control of Japan's former colony, Korea and divided their own respective ideologies, resulting in the division of Korea.

During the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China and later fled to Taiwan.

In his 2009 book When China Rules the World, Martin Jacques says that Japan is currently a vassal state of the US, since Japan has no right to wage war and relies on the US military. He also refers to South Korea and Taiwan as vassals of the US.[39]

During the latter half of the twentieth century, Japan has experienced a post war economic miracle. South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan have emerged as Tiger economies. China opened up, entered the World Trade Organization, rose to the 2nd largest economy in the world (1st by PPP), and is starting to reclaim its historical status as a regional and world superpower.[6][40]

Although there were no wars in the region for decades, the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea's nuclear program.

Definitions[]

Main article: East Asian cultural sphere

China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam are commonly seen as the core encompassed by the East Asian cultural sphere (as opposed to neighboring nations also within East Asia).[3][41][42][43] Sometimes Mongolia is added to this core as well.[44][45][46][47][48]

CJKV share a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China.[49][50][50][51][52] Other usages cite geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China.[52][53][54][4][55][56] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater sphere of Chinese influence, though some classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[4][57] Mongolia is geographically north of China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture currently have less of an impact in Mongolia's historically nomadic society (however Mongolia was controlled by China during the Han, Tang, and Qing dynasties). Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[4][57]

Broader and looser definitions by international organizations such as the World Bank refer to the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East and Siberia.[58] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[59] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of sub-national or de facto states, such as Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[60]

File:East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.svg

East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.

Location-Asia-UNsubregions

UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic considerations "to obtain greater homogeneity in population, demographic circumstances and accuracy of demographic statistics"[61][62]

  North Asia
  Central Asia
  Western Asia
  South Asia
  East Asia
  Southeast Asia

The UNSD division of East Asia is "to obtain greater homogeneity in population, demographic circumstances and accuracy of demographic statistics",[63] but also other common definitions of East Asia contain Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[2][64]

Alternative definitions[]

There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.

  • Vietnam (officially part of Southeast Asia geographically, although culturally it is a part of the East Asian cultural sphere, politically, it is related to both Southeast Asia and East Asia). This core is abbreviated as CJKV.
  • Singapore - similarly to Vietnam, it is usually considered a part of Southeast Asia geographically. However, they are culturally East Asian. East Asians, specifically the Chinese, make up the ethnic majority of the country's population and a significant plurality adhere to Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, ancestral worship and Chinese folk religion.[65] It is politically related to both Southeast Asia (ASEAN) and East Asia, and its economy is strongly intertwined with other East Asian economies such as mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea.[66] It was also one of the Four Asian Tigers.[67][68]
  • Far Eastern Federal District in Russia, including the region known as Outer Manchuria (often described as North Asia due to its location, although this part of Russia is often seen as more closely related to its East Asian neighbours)
  • Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea.

In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to the greater China area, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[69][70][71]

Economy[]

Main article: Economy of East Asia
Customs territory GDP nominal
billions of USD (2017)[72] 		GDP nominal per capita
USD (2017)[72] 		GDP PPP
billions of USD (2017)[72] 		GDP PPP per capita
USD (2017)[72]
Flag of the People's Republic of China China 12,014.610 8,643.107 23,159.107 16,660.269
Flag of Hong Kong Hong Kong[73] 341.659 46,109.124 454.912 61,393.316
Template:MAC[74] 49.802 77,451.287 71.778 111,629.024
Flag of Japan Japan 4,872.135 38,439.517 5,428.813 42,831.523
Template:MNG 11.135 3,639.894 39.704 12,978.557
Template:PRK N/A N/A N/A N/A
Flag of South Korea South Korea 1,538.030 29,891.255 2,029.032 39,433.779
Template:TWN[note 5] 579.302 24,576.665 1,185.480 50,293.541

Territorial and regional data[]

Etymology[]

Flag Common Name Official Name ISO 3166 Country Codes[75]
Exonym Endonym Exonym Endonym ISO Short Name Alpha-2 Code Alpha-3 Code Numeric
Flag of the People's Republic of China China 中国 People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 China CN CHN 156
Template:Country data HKG Hong Kong 香港 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China		 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 Hong Kong HK HKG 344
Template:Country data MAC Macau 澳門 Macao Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China		 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區 Macao MO MAC 446
Flag of Japan Japan 日本 State of Japan 日本国 Japan JP JPN 392
Template:Country data MNG Mongolia Монгол улс / Template:MongolUnicode Mongolia Монгол Улс（Template:MongolUnicode） Mongolia MG MNG 496
Flag of North Korea North Korea 조선 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 조선민주주의인민공화국 (朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) KP PRK 408
Flag of South Korea South Korea 한국 Republic of Korea 대한민국 (大韓民國) Korea (the Republic of) KR KOR 410
Flag of the Republic of China Taiwan[76] 臺灣 / 台灣 Republic of China 中華民國 Taiwan (Province of China)[77] TW TWN 158

Demographics[]

State/Territory Area km2 Population[78][79]
(2018) 		Population density
per km2 		HDI[80] Capital/Administrative Center
Flag of the People's Republic of China China 9,640,011[note 6] 1,427,647,786[note 7] 138 0.752 Beijing
Flag of Hong Kong Hong Kong 1,104 7,371,730 6,390 0.933 Hong Kong
Template:MAC 30 631,636 18,662 0.909 Macao
Flag of Japan Japan 377,930 127,202,192 337 0.909 Tokyo
Template:MNG 1,564,100 3,170,216 2 0.741 Ulaanbaatar
Template:PRK 120,538 25,549,604 198 0.733 Pyongyang[81]
Flag of South Korea South Korea 100,210 51,171,706 500 0.903 Seoul
Template:TWN 36,188 23,726,460 639 0.907 Taipei[82]

Ethnic groups[]

Main articles: East Asians and Ethnic groups of East Asia
Ethnicity Native name Population Language(s) Writing system(s) Major states/territories* Physical appearance
Han/Chinese 漢族 or 汉族 1,260,000,000[83] Chinese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Hokkien, Hakka, Gan, Hsiang, etc. Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters China Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC Taiwan Japan South Korea
File:Hanfuk-1.jpg
Yamato/Japanese 大和民族 125,117,000[84] Japanese Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Japan
File:Kimono lady at Gion, Kyoto.jpg
Joseon/Korean 조선족 (朝鮮族)
한민족 (韓民族) 		79,432,225[citation needed] Korean Hangul, Han characters (Hanja) South Korea North Korea China Japan
File:KOCIS Korea Hanbok-AoDai FashionShow 43 (9766406474).jpg
Bai 白族 1,858,063 Bai, Southwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters, Latin script China
File:Bai 5.JPG
Hui 回族 10,586,087[citation needed] Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc. Simplified Han characters[note 8] China
File:HuiChineseMuslim3.jpg
Mongols 蒙古族/Монголчууд/Template:MongolUnicode
Монгол/Template:MongolUnicode 		8,942,528 Mongolian Mongol script, Cyrillic script China Template:Country data MGL
File:Hamtdaa Mongolian Arts Culture Masks - 0064 (5568565844).jpg
Zhuang 壮族/Bouxcuengh 18,000,000 Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc. Simplified Han characters, Latin script China
File:Zhuang's beautiful maiden in Chongzuo Fusui.jpg
Uyghurs 维吾尔族/ئۇيغۇر 15,000,000+[85] Uighur Arabic alphabet, Cyrillic script China[note 9]
File:Uyghur-elders-sunday-market-Kashgar.jpg
Manchus 满族/Page Template:MongolUnicode/fonts.css has no content.ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ 10,422,873[citation needed] Northeastern Mandarin, Manchurian (endangered), etc. Simplified Han characters, Mongol script China
File:Manchu bride. John Thomson. China, 1871-1872. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg
Hmong/Miao 苗族/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb 9,426,007[citation needed] Hmong, Southwestern Mandarin Latin script, Simplified Han characters China
File:贵州黔东南苗族女性（a Miao woman in Qiandongnan，Guizhou）.jpg
Tibetans 藏族/Page Template:Bo-textonly/fonts.css has no content.བོད་པ་ 6,500,000 Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc. Tibetan script China
File:People of Tibet46.jpg
Yi 彝族/ꆈꌠ 8,714,393 Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin Yi script, Simplified Han characters China
File:Ethnic Yi China Costume.jpg
Tujia 土家族 8,353,912 Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia Simplified Han characters China
File:Tujia women.jpg
Kam 侗族/Gaeml 2,879,974 Gaeml Simplified Han characters, Latin script China
File:Ethic Dong Liping Guizhou China.jpg
Tu 土族/Monguor 289,565 Tu, Northwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters China
File:Nadun Picture 1.jpg
Daur 达斡尔族/Template:MongolUnicode 131,992 Daur, Northeastern Mandarin Mongol script, Simplified Han characters China Template:Country data MGL
File:Daur woman smiling.jpg
Taiwanese Aborigines 阿美族/Pangcah, etc. 533,600 Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc. Latin script, Traditional Han characters China Taiwan
File:Tao1.jpg
Ryukyuan 琉球民族(沖縄人) 1,900,000 Japanese
Ryukyuan 		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Japan (Template:Country data Okinawa) Taiwan
File:Five men wearing Ryukyuan Dress.JPG
Ainu アイヌ 200,000 Japanese
Ainu[86] 		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Japan
File:AinuSan.jpg
  • Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

Culture[]

Main article: Culture of East Asia
Main category: East Asian culture

Overview[]

The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[87] The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[88][25][89][90][91][92][93][94][52] The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[95][96] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[33][96] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[92][90][96][88]

Religions[]

Main article: East Asian religions
Religion Native name Denomination Major book Type Est. Followers Ethnic groups States/territories
Chinese religion none, various classifications including 民間信仰, 神教/神道, etc. Taoism, Confucianism, folk salvationist sects, Wuism, Nuo Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc. Pantheism/polytheism ~900,000,000[97][98] Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods) China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Taiwan
Taoism 道教 Zhengyi, Quanzhen Tao Te Ching Pantheism/polytheism ~20,000,000[98] Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Taiwan
East Asian Buddhism 漢傳佛教 or 汉传佛教 Mahayana Diamond Sutra Non-God ~300,000,000 Han, Korean, Yamato China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Japan South Korea Taiwan
Tibetan Buddhism Page Template:Bo-textonly/fonts.css has no content.བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན། Mahayana Anuttarayoga Tantra Non-God ~10,000,000 Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols China Template:Country data MNG
Shamanism[note 10] 萨满教 or Бөө мөргөл N/A N/A Polytheism/pantheism N/A Manchus, Mongols, Oroqen China Template:Country data MNG
Shintoism 神道 Shinto sects Kojiki, Nihon Shoki Polytheism/pantheism N/A Yamato Japan
Sindo/Muism 신도 or 무교 Sindo sects N/A Polytheism/pantheism N/A Korean South Korea
Ryukyuan religion 琉球神道 or ニライカナイ信仰 N/A N/A Polytheism/pantheism N/A Ryukyuan Japan (Template:Country data Okinawa)

Festivals[]

Festival Native Name Other name Calendar Date Gregorian date Activity Religious practices Food Major ethnicities Major states/territories
Chinese New Year 春節 or 春节 Spring Festival Chinese Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks Worship the King of Gods Jiaozi Han, Manchus etc. China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Template:Country data MNG Taiwan
Korean New Year 설날 or 설 Seollal Korean Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping N/A Tteokguk Korean North Korea South Korea
Losar or Tsagaan Sar Page Template:Bo-textonly/fonts.css has no content.ལོ་གསར་ or Цагаан сар White Moon Tibetan, Mongolian Month 1 Day 1 25 Jan – 2 Mar Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks N/A Chhaang or Buuz Tibetans, Mongols, Tu etc. China Template:Country data MNG
New Year 元旦 Yuan Dan Gregorian 1 Jan 1 Jan Fireworks N/A N/A N/A China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Japan Template:Country data MNG North Korea South Korea Taiwan
Lantern Festival 元宵節 or 元宵节 Upper Yuan Festival (上元节) Chinese Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer Yuanxiao Han China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Taiwan*
Daeboreum 대보름 or 정월 대보름 Great Full Moon Korean Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom) Bonfires (daljip taeugi) Ogok-bap, namul, nuts Korean North Korea South Korea
Qingming Festival / Hanshi Festival 清明節 or 清明节 / 寒食節 or 寒食节 Tomb Sweeping Day / Cold Food Festival Solar 15th day since March equinox / Day 105 after Winter solstice 4–6 April Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Burning Hell money(Only Qingming Festival) Cold Food Han, Korean, Mongols China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) North Korea South Korea Taiwan
Dragon Boat Festival 端午節 or 端午节 or 단오 Duanwu Festival / Dano (Surit-nal) Chinese / Korean Month 5 Day 5 Driving poisons & plague away. (China - Dragon Boat Race, Wearing colored lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea - Washing hair with iris water, ssireum) Worship various Gods Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs) Han, Korean, Yamato China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan*
Ghost Festival 中元節 or 中元节 or 백중 Mid Yuan Festival Chinese Month 7 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer Han, Korean, Yamato China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan*
Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋節 or 中秋节 中秋祭 Chinese Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Goddess Mooncake Han China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Taiwan*
Chuseok 추석 or 한가위 Hangawi Korean Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view N/A Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup) Korean North Korea South Korea
Double Ninth Festival 重陽節 or 重阳节 Double Positive Festival Chinese Month 9 Day 09 Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus. Worship various Gods Han, Korean, Yamato China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) North Korea South Korea Japan Taiwan*
Lower Yuan Festival 下元節 or 下元节 N/A Chinese Month 10 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Water-officer Ciba Han China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Taiwan
Dongzhi Festival 冬至 or 동지 N/A Gregorian Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits N/A Tangyuan, Patjuk Han, Korean China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) North Korea South Korea Taiwan
Small New Year 小年 Jizao (祭灶) Chinese Month 12 Day 23 Cleaning Houses Worship the God of Hearth tanggua Han, Mongols China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Template:Country data MNG Taiwan
International Labor Day N/A N/A Gregorian 1 May 1 May N/A N/A N/A N/A China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Template:Country data MNG Taiwan
International Women's Day N/A N/A Gregorian 8 Mar 8 Mar Taking care of women N/A N/A N/A All

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.

*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

Collaboration[]

East Asian Youth Games[]

Main article: East Asian Youth Games

Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organised by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.

Free trade agreements[]

Name of agreement Parties Leaders at the time Negotiation begins Signing date Starting time Current status
China–South Korea FTA China South Korea Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye May, 2012 Jun 01, 2015 Dec 30, 2015 Enforced
China–Japan–South Korea FTA China Japan South Korea Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye Mar 26, 2013 N/A N/A 10 round negotiation
Japan-Mongolia EPA Japan Template:Country data MNG Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj - Feb 10, 2015 - Enforced
China-Mongolia FTA China Template:Country data MNG Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj N/A N/A N/A Officially proposed
China-HK CEPA China Template:Country data HKG Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa - Jun 29, 2003 - Enforced
China-Macau CEPA China Template:Country data MAC Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah - Oct 18, 2003 - Enforced
Hong Kong-Macau CEPA Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui Oct 09, 2015 N/A N/A Negotiating
ECFA China Taiwan Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Jan 26, 2010 Jun 29, 2010 Aug 17, 2010 Enforced
CSSTA (Based on ECFA) China Taiwan Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou Mar, 2011 Jun 21, 2013 N/A Abolished
CSGTA (Based on ECFA) China Taiwan Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Feb 22, 2011 N/A N/A Suspended

Military alliances[]

Name Abbr. Parties within the region
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SCO China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) Russia
General Security of Military Information Agreement GSOMIA Japan South Korea
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty - China (Template:Country data HKG Template:Country data MAC) North Korea
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan - United States 
(Template:Country data GUM Template:Country data MNP) Japan
Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea - United States 
(Template:Country data GUM Template:Country data MNP) South Korea
Taiwan Relations Act (Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty before 1980) TRA (SAMDT) United States 
(Template:Country data GUM Template:Country data MNP) Taiwan
Major non-NATO ally (Global Partners of NATO) - Template:Country data NATO United States 
(Template:Country data GUM Template:Country data MNP) Australia Japan South Korea Taiwan[99]

Cities and towns[]

Main article: Cities of East Asia

Template:Largest urban areas of East Asia

See also[]

  • China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
  • East Asia Summit
  • East Asia–United States relations
  • East Asian Community
  • East Asian languages
  • East Asian studies
  • Four Asian Tigers
  • Northeast Asia

Notes[]

  1. ↑ A state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory. The population on the Taiwan Island and the Penghu Islands is governed by an effective government to the exclusion of others, but the political status is dispute.
  2. ↑ The area figure is based on the combined areas of Greater China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea and Japan as listed at List of countries and dependencies by area.
  3. ↑ The population figure is the combined populations of Greater China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan as listed at the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects.
  4. ↑ includes Tibetan Buddhism traditionally prevailing in Tibetan and Mongolian areas
  5. ↑ Listed as "Taiwan Province of China" by the IMF
  6. ↑ Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "South Tibet" and disputed islands).
  7. ↑ A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China."
  8. ↑ The Hui people also use the Arabic alphabet in the religious field.
  9. ↑ The Khotons also in Template:Country data MGL.
  10. ↑ almost Manchu, Mongolian

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References[]

  1. ↑ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". {{cite web}}:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "East Asia". Encarta. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2008-01-12. the countries and regions of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea and Japan. {{cite web}}:
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Columbia University – "East Asian cultural sphere" Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system."
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Prescott, Anne (2015). East Asia in the World: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0765643223. 
  5. ↑ Miller, David Y. (2007). Modern East Asia: An Introductory History. Routledge. pp. xxi–xxiv. ISBN 978-0765618221. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kort, Michael (2005). The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0761326724. https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort. 
  7. ↑ "Country Profiles: East Asia". Children and Armed Conflict Unit at the University of Essex. {{cite web}}:
  8. ↑ East Asia. Springer Netherlands. https://link.springer.com/journal/12140. 
  9. ↑ "East Asia". Dictionary.com. {{cite web}}:
  10. ↑ Seybolt, Peter J. "China, Korea and Japan: Forgiveness and Mourning". Center for Asian Studies. Center for Asian Studies. {{cite web}}:
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Asian History Module Learning. Rex Bookstore Inc.. 2002. p. 186. ISBN 978-9712331244. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Salkind, Neil J. (2008). Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology. Sage Publications. p. 56. ISBN 978-1412916882. 
  13. ↑ Holcombe, Charles (2010). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0521731645. 
  14. ↑ "Central Themes for a Unit on China | Central Themes and Key Points | Asia for Educators | Columbia University". afe.easia.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-01. {{cite web}}:
  15. ↑ Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia (2012). Towards a Sustainable Asia: The Cultural Perspectives. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-3642166686. 
  16. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. xx–xxvi. ISBN 978-1610690171. 
  17. ↑ Zaharna, R.S.; Arsenault, Amelia; Fisher, Ali (2013). Relational, Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift (1st ed.). Routledge (published 2013-05-01). p. 93. ISBN 978-0415636070. 
  18. ↑ Holcombe, Charles (2017). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1107544895. 
  19. ↑ Szonyi, Michael (2017). A Companion to Chinese History. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 90. ISBN 978-1118624609. 
  20. ↑ Chongho Kim, "Korean Shamanism", 2003 Ashgate Publishing
  21. ↑ Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ellington, Lucien (2009). Japan (Nations in Focus). p. 21. 
  23. ↑ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 119. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Amy Chua; Jed Rubenfeld (2014). The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America. Penguin Press HC. p. 121. ISBN 978-1594205460. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Kang, David C. (2012). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0231153195. 
  26. ↑ Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2012). World History: Journeys from Past to Present. Routledge (published September 11, 2012). p. 232. ISBN 978-0415670029. 
  27. ↑ Brown, John (2006). China, Japan, Korea: Culture and Customs. Createspace Independent. p. 33. ISBN 978-1419648939. 
  28. ↑ Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0521296533. 
  29. ↑ Chua, Amy (2009). Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--and Why They Fall. Anchor. p. 62. ISBN 978-1400077410. https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua. 
  30. ↑ Tsai, Henry (2009-02-15). Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. Routledge. p. 3. ISBN 978-0765623287. 
  31. ↑ Fagan, Brian M. (1999). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0195076189. 
  32. ↑ Lone, Stewart (2007). Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War. Greenwood. p. 3. ISBN 978-0313336843. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Warren I. Cohen. East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. ISBN 0231101082
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Tindall, George Brown; Shi, David E. (2009). America: A Narrative History (1st ed.). W. W. Norton & Company (published November 16, 2009). p. 926. ISBN 978-0393934083. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 April, K.; Shockley, M. (2007). Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillan (published February 6, 2007). p. 163. ISBN 978-0230001336. https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_j3l5. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Batty, David (2005-01-17). Japan's War in Colour (documentary). TWI. 
  37. ↑ "The Japanese Economy". Walk Japan. {{cite web}}:
  38. ↑ Tindall, George Brown; Shi, David E. (2009). America: A Narrative History (1st ed.). W. W. Norton & Company (published November 16, 2009). p. 1147. ISBN 978-0393934083. 
  39. ↑ Jacques, Martin (2014). When china rules the world : the end of the western world and the birth of a new global order. Penguin Books. pp. 14–16. ISBN 9781101151457. OCLC 883334381. 
  40. ↑ Northrup, Cynthia Clark; Bentley, Jerry H.; Eckes Jr., Alfred E. (2004). Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present. Routledge. p. 297. ISBN 978-0765680587. 
  41. ↑ R. Keith Schopper's East Asia: Identities and Change in the Modern World
  42. ↑ Joshua A. Fogel (UC Santa Barbara/University of Indiana) Nationalism, the Rise of the Vernacular, and the Conceptualization of Modernization in East Asian Comparative Perspective
  43. ↑ United Nations Environment Programme (mentions sinosphere countries) Approaches to Solution of Eutrophication [1]
  44. ↑ Gilbet Rozman (2004), Northeast asia's stunted regionalism: bilateral distrust in the shadow of globalization. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-4.
  45. ↑ "Northeast Asia dominates patent filing growth." Retrieved on August 8, 2001.
  46. ↑ "Paper: Economic Integration in Northeast Asia." Retrieved on August 8, 2011.
  47. ↑ Spinosa, Ludovico (2007). Wastewater Sludge. Iwa Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1843391425. 
  48. ↑ Kim, Johnny S. (2013). Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Multicultural Approach. Sage Publications. p. 55. ISBN 978-1452256672. 
  49. ↑ Ikeo, Aiko (1996). Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0415149006. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Yoshimatsu, H. (2014). Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 978-1137370549. 
  51. ↑ Kim, Mikyoung (2015). Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415835138. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Hazen, Dan; Spohrer, James H. (2005). Building Area Studies Collections. Otto Harrassowitz (published 2005-12-31). p. 1. ISBN 978-3447055123. 
  53. ↑ Grabowski, Richard; Self, Sharmistha; Shields, William (2012). Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, and Historical Approach (2nd ed.). Routledge (published September 25, 2012). p. 59. ISBN 978-0765633538. 
  54. ↑ Ng, Arden (2017-08-04). "East Asia is the World's Largest Economy at $29.6 Trillion USD, Including 4 of the Top 25 Countries Globally". Blueback. {{cite web}}:
  55. ↑ Currie, Lorenzo (2013). Through the Eyes of the Pack. Xlibris Corp. p. 163. ISBN 978-1493145171. 
  56. ↑ Asato, Noriko (2013). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. p. 1. ISBN 978-1598848427. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Miller, David Y. (2007). Modern East Asia: An Introductory History. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN 978-0765618221. 
  58. ↑ Aminian, Nathalie; Fung, K.C.; Ng, Francis. "Integration of Markets vs. Integration by Agreements" (PDF). Policy Research Working Paper. World Bank. {{cite web}}:
  59. ↑ "Northeast Asia." Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.
  60. ↑ Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia (1999). Japan and Russia in Northeast Asia: Partners in the 21st Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 248. 
  61. ↑ "Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49) - Geographic Regions". United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 4 September 2019. The list of geographic regions presents the composition of geographical regions used by the Statistics Division in its publications and databases. Each country or area is shown in one region only. These geographic regions are based on continental regions; which are further subdivided into sub-regions and intermediary regions drawn as to obtain greater homogeneity in sizes of population, demographic circumstances and accuracy of demographic statistics. {{cite web}}:
  62. ↑ "United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)". United Nations Statistics Division. 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2010-07-24. {{cite web}}:
  63. ↑ "Geographic Regions". UNSD Methodology: Standard country or area codes (M49). Retrieved 31 July 2019. {{cite web}}:
  64. ↑ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013. {{cite web}}:
  65. ↑ "Religious Beliefs In Singapore". worldatlas.com. Retrieved 31 August 2019. {{cite web}}:
  66. ↑ "Singapore's Top Trading Partners". Retrieved 11 August 2019. {{cite web}}:
  67. ↑ "Singapore's value lies in its 'unique culture'". The Straits Times. {{cite web}}:
  68. ↑ "What makes Singapore's economy tick?". Hawksford. {{cite web}}:
  69. ↑ Christopher M. Dent (2008). East Asian regionalism. London: Routledge. pp. 1–8. 
  70. ↑ Charles Harvie, Fukunari Kimura, and Hyun-Hoon Lee (2005), New East Asian regionalism. Cheltenham and Northamton: Edward Elgar, pp. 3–6.
  71. ↑ Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (2006), Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–33
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018". IMF. {{cite web}}:
  73. ↑ Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF
  74. ↑ Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF
  75. ↑ "Country codes". iso.org. {{cite web}}:
  76. ↑ From 1949 to 1971, the ROC was referred as "China" or "Nationalist China".
  77. ↑ "Country codes". iso.org. {{cite web}}:
  78. ↑ ""World Population prospects – Population division"". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved November 9, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  79. ↑ ""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved November 9, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  80. ↑ "| Human Development Reports". www.hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2018-10-14. {{cite web}}:
  81. ↑ Seoul was the de jure capital of the DPRK from 1948 to 1972.
  82. ↑ Taipei is the ROC's seat of government by regulation. Constitutionally, there is no official capital appointed for the ROC.
  83. ↑ CIA Factbook: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,379 billion (July 2017 est.)
  84. ↑ 人口推計 – 平成 28年 12月 報 (PDF). {{cite web}}:
  85. ↑ "新疆维吾尔自治区统计局". www.xjtj.gov.cn. {{cite web}}:
  86. ↑ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: SIL International. ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6. OCLC 224749653. 
  87. ↑ Lim, SK (2011-11-01). Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. p. 56. ISBN 978-9812295941. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Goscha, Christopher (2016). The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1846143106. 
  89. ↑ Amy Chua; Jed Rubenfeld (2014). The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America. Penguin Press HC. p. 122. ISBN 978-1594205460. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 2. 
  91. ↑ Lewis, Mark Edward (2012). China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty. Belknap Press (published April 9, 2012). p. 156. ISBN 978-0674064010. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Edwin O. Reischauer, "The Sinic World in Perspective," Foreign Affairs 52.2 (January 1974): 341—348. JSTOR
  93. ↑ Lim, SK (2011-11-01). Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. p. 89. ISBN 978-9812295941. 
  94. ↑ Richter, Frank-Jurgen (2002). Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis. Quorum Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-1567205251. 
  95. ↑ Vohra 1999, p. 22
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  97. ↑ Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2012). "People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011". Religions & Christianity in Today's China II (3): 29–54. ISSN 2192-9289. http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2012-3/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2017). "Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016". Religions & Christianity in Today's China VII (2): 26–53. http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2017-2/RCTC_2017-2.26-53_Wenzel-Teuber__Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_PRC_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2016.pdf. 
  99. ↑ Shirley Kan (December 2009). Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990. DIANE Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4379-2041-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52. 

Further reading[]

  • Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
  • Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
  • Crofts, Alfred, and Percy Buchanan. A history of the Far East (1958).
  • Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
  • Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
  • Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
  • Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
  • Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
  • Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
  • Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (1997).
  • Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
  • Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900-1950.
  • Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
  • Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
  • Ricklefs, Merle C. A History of Modern Indonesia: c. 1300 to the Present (Macmillan, 1981).
  • Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
  • Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modem Times (1950).

External links[]

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