The culture of Asia encompasses the collective and diverse customs and traditions of art, architecture, music, literature, lifestyle, philosophy, politics and religion that have been practiced and maintained by the numerous ethnic groups of the continent of Asia since prehistory. Identification of a specific culture of Asia or universal elements among the colossal diversity that has emanated from multiple cultural spheres and three of the four ancient River valley civilizations is complicated. However, the continent is commonly divided into six geographic sub-regions, that are characterized by perceivable commonalities, like religion, language and relative ethnic homogeneity. These regions are Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and West Asia.[1]
As the largest, most populous continent and rich in resources, Asia is home to several of the world's oldest civilizations, that produced the majority of the great religious systems, the oldest known recorded myths and codices on ethics and morality.[2][3]
However, Asia's enormous size separates the various civilizations by great distances and hostile environments, such as deserts and mountain ranges. Yet by challenging and overcoming these distances, trade and commerce gradually developed a truly universal, Pan-Asian character. Inter-regional trade was the driving and cohesive force, by which cultural elements and ideas spread to the various sub-regions via the vast road network and the many sea routes.[4] However, as Chinese writing concepts were passed on to Korea, Japan and Vietnam, these nations developed their own characteristic writing systems to complement Hanzi. Vietnam invented their own Chữ Nôm glyphs, Japan invented kana, and Korea invented their own alphabet hangul. To this day, Vietnam mostly writes in quoc ngu (a modified Latin alphabet) but there is also a resurgence of Hanzi (or chu han) as well. Sino cognates compose a vast majority of the vocabulary of these languages (see Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary, Sino-Korean vocabulary, Sino-Japanese vocabulary). In the 20th century, China has also re-borrowed terms from Japan to represent western concepts known as Wasei-kango.[5]
Apart from the unifying influence of Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese characters and numerous other Chinese cultural influences, East Asian national customs, architecture, literature, cuisines, traditional music, performing arts and crafts also have developed from many independent and local concepts, they have grown and diversified as many rank among the most refined expressions of aesthetic, artistic and philosophical ideas in the world. Notable among others are Japanese gardens and landscape planning, Heian literature, Vietnamese Water puppetry and the artifacts of the Dong Son culture.[6][7][8][9] Modern research has also focused on the several nations pivotal role on the collective body of East Asian Buddhism and the Korean influence on Japanese culture.[10][11][12][13]
South Asia[]
Language families in South Asia
Traditional Rajasthani garments from Jaipur, Rajasthan
Evidence of Neolithic culture has been found throughout the modern states Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka that represent South Asia or Southern Asia (also known as the Indian subcontinent). Since 3,300 B.C. in modern-day northeastern Afghanistan, in Pakistan and northwestern India a sophisticated Bronze Age cultural tradition emerged, that after only a few centuries fully flourished in urban centers. Due to the high quality of its arts, crafts, metallurgy and buildings, the accomplishments in urban planning, governance, trade and technology etc. it has been classified as one of the principal Cradles of civilization. Referred to as the Indus Valley Civilisation or Harappan Civilisation it thrived for almost 2.000 years until the onset of the Vedic period (c. 1500 – c. 600 B.C.).[14][15] The great significance of the Vedic texts (that don't mention cities or urban life) for South Asian culture, their impact on family, societal organisation, religion, morale, literature etc. has never been contested. The Indus Valley Civilisation on the other hand has only come to light by means of 20th century archaeology. Scholars, who employ several periodization models argue over whether South Asian tradition is consciously committed to the Harappan culture.[16][17]
Declining climatic conditions, (aridification) and population displacement (Indo-Aryan migration) are regarded as to have caused the fatal disruption of the Harappa culture, that was superseded by the rural Vedic culture.[18][19]
Following the Indo-Aryan settlement in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the establishment of the characteristic social groups (Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras) in the caste system based on the Jāti model in the Varna order, the tribal entities variously consolidated into oligarchic chiefdoms or kingdoms (the 16 Mahajanapadas), beginning in the sixth century B.C. The late Vedic political progress results in urbanization, strict social hierarchy, commercial and military rivalries among the settlers, that have spread all over the entire sub-continent.[20] The large body of Vedic texts and literature, supported by the archaeological sequence allows researchers to reconstruct a rather accurate and detailed image of the Vedic culture and political organisation. The Vedas constitute the oldest work of Sanskrit literature and form the basis of religious, ethic and philosophic ideas in South Asia. They are widely, but not exclusively regarded the basics and scriptural authority on worship, rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices, meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge for the future Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. Commentaries and discussions also focus on the development of valid political ideas and concepts of societal progress and ethic conformity.[21]
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism are major world religions that originate in South Asia. These arguably represent the furthest reaching, most profound and permanent South Asian ideas on other cultural spheres. After a long and complex history of cosmological and religious development, adoption and decline, the Hindu-synthesis[22] and the late but thorough introduction of Islam about 80% of modern-day Indians and Nepalis identify as Hindus.[23] In Sri Lanka and Bhutan most people adhere to various forms of Buddhism.[24] Islam is the predominant religion in Afghanistan, the Maldives (99%), Pakistan (96%) and Bangladesh (90%).[25][26][27]
Badshahi Mosque built under the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan
Afghanistan and Pakistan are situated at the western periphery of South Asia, where the cultural character has been made by both, Persia, a civilization rooted in Mesopotamia and the Indosphere.[28] Pakistan is split with its two western regions of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sharing a greater Iranic heritage due to the native Pashtuns and Baloch people of the regions. Its two eastern regions of Punjab and Sindh share cultural links to Northwest India. Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal share a common heritage and culture based on the Bengali language. The Culture of India is diverse and a complex mixture of many influences. Nepal is culturally linked to both India and Tibet and the varied ethnic groups of the country share many of the festivals and cultural traditions used and celebrated in North and East India and Tibet. Nepali, the dominant language of Nepal uses the Devanagari alphabet which is also used to write many North Indian languages.[29][30] Bhutan is a culturally linked to Tibet and India. Tibetan Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bhutan and the Tibetan alphabet is used to write Dzongkha, the dominant language of Bhutan. There is a cultural and linguistic divide between North and South India. Sri Lanka is culturally tied to both India and Southeast Asia.[31] Sinhala, the dominant language in the country is written in Sinhala script which is derived from the Kadamba-Pallava alphabet, certain cultural traditions, and aspects of its cuisine, for example, show South Indian influences. Cultural festivals, aspects of its cuisine and Theravada Buddhism, the dominant religion in Sri Lanka, show a Southeast Asian affinity.[32]
Indo-Aryan languages are spoken in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sinhala of Sri Lanka and most of North, West and East India and Nepal. Dravidian languages are spoken in South India and in Sri Lanka by the Tamil community. Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and North & North East India. Iranic Languages are spoken in Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The main languages of Afghanistan are Pashto and Dari.
Southeast Asia[]
Southeast Asia divides into Mainland Southeast Asia, that encompasses Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and West Malaysia, and Maritime Southeast Asia, that includes Indonesia, East Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, East Timor, Brunei, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Christmas Island.[33][34] At the crossroads of the Indian and East Asian maritime trade routes since around 500 B.C., the region has been greatly influenced by the culture of India and China. The term Indianised Kingdoms is a designation for numerous Southeast Asian political units, that had to a varying degree adopted most aspects of India's statecraft, administration, art, epigraphy, writing and architecture. The religions Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam gradually diffused into local cosmology. Nonetheless, the Southeast Asian nations have very diversely adapted to these cultural stimuli and evolved their distinct sophisticated expression in lifestyle, the visual arts and most notably in architectural accomplishments, such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Borobudur in Indonesia.[35][36]
Angkor Wat, Khmer Empire
Buddhist culture has a lasting and significant impact in mainland Southeast Asia (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam); most Buddhists in Indochina practice Theravada Buddhism. In the case of Vietnam, it is also influenced much by Confucianism and the culture of China. Myanmar has also been exposed to Indian cultural influences. Before the 14th century, Hinduism and Buddhism were the dominant religions of Southeast Asia. Thereafter, Islam became dominant in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Southeast Asia has also had a lot of Western influence due to the lasting legacy of colonialism. One example is the Philippines which has been heavily influenced by the United States and Spain, with Christianity (Catholicism) as the dominant religion. East Timor also demonstrates Portuguese influence through colonialism, as is also a predominantly Christian nation.
A common feature found around the region are stilt houses. These houses are elevated on stilts so that water can easily pass below them in case of a flood. Another shared feature is rice paddy agriculture, which originated in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. Dance drama is also a very important feature of the culture, utilizing movements of the hands and feet perfected over thousands of years. Furthermore, the arts and literature of Southeast Asia is very distinctive as some have been influenced by Indian, Hindu, Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic literature.
Western Asia[]
.jpg){kind=link}
The Grand Mosque in Kuwait City,one of the largest mosques in the region
Western Asia must be distinguished from the Middle East, a more recent Eurocentric term, that also includes parts of Northern Africa.[37] West Asia consists of Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestinian territories, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Yemen. The Israelite/Jewish civilization of the Fertile Crescent would have a profound impact on the rest of Western Asia, giving birth to the 3 Abrahamic faiths. In addition, the Jewish origins of Christianity, along with the many cultural contributions from both Jews and Arabs in Europe, meant that West Asian culture had left a lasting impact on Western civilization as well. Other indigenous West Asian religions include Zoroastrianism, Yazidism, Alevism, Druze and the Bahá'í Faith.
Today, almost 93% of Western Asia's inhabitants are Muslims and is characterized by political Islamic, with the exception of Israel, a Jewish state. At its north-western end, Armenia and Georgia have an unmistakable Christian tradition, while Lebanon shares a large Christian and a large Muslim community. Ethnically, the region is dominated by Arab, Persian, Kurdish, Azerbaijani, and Turkish people. Among them smaller indigenous groups are the Jews, Assyrians, Druze, Samaritans, Yazidis and Mandeans. Many Middle Eastern countries encompass huge deserts where nomadic people live to this day. In great contrast, modern cities like Abu Dhabi, Amman, Riyadh, Tel Aviv, Doha and Muscat have developed on the coastal lands of the Mediterranean Sea, the Persian Gulf and at the periphery of the Arabian Desert.[38]
West Asian cuisine is immensely rich and diverse. The literature is also immensely rich with Arabic, Jewish, Persian, and Turkish dominating.
Central Asia[]
Central Asia, in between the Caspian Sea and China, envelops five former Soviet Socialist Republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. However, Afghanistan is sometimes included. Its strategic and historic position around the East-West axis and the major trading routes such as the Silk Road has made it a theatre a steady exchange of ideas and East-West conflicts such as the Battle of Talas. The region was conquered and dominated by a variety of cultures, such as the Chinese, Mongols, Persians, Tatars, Russians, Sarmatians. As some Central Asian areas have been inhabited by nomadic people, numerous urban centers have developed in a distinct local character.[39][40]
.jpg){kind=link}
The Russian Znamensky Cathedral in Tyumen built in 1768
For the most part, North Asia (more widely known as Siberia) is considered to be made up of the Asian part of Russia solely. The geographic region of Siberia was the historical land of the Tatars in the Siberia Khanate. However Russian expansion essentially undermined this and thus today it is under Russian rule. There are roughly 40 million people living in North Asia and the majority consists now of Ethnic Russians. However, many East Asians also inhabit the region, and historically they have been the majority before Russia's expansion west.
Architecture[]
The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling
.jpeg){kind=link}
The Taj Mahal, Agra, India
Sun temple at Konarka, Odisha
.jpg){kind=link}
A typical example of Dravidian architecture
Daian-ji temple at Nara, Japan
Borobudur, a Buddhist temple in Indonesia
Ancient ziggurat, Iraq
Asia is home to countless grandiose and iconic historic constructions, usually religious structures, castles and fortifications or palaces. However, after several millennia, many of the greatest buildings have been destroyed or dismantled such as the Ziggurats of Mesopotamia, most of the Great Wall of China, Greek and Hellenistic temples or the royal cities of Persia.[41]
China[]
Chinese architecture has taken shape in East Asia over many centuries as the structural principles have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry, which signifies balance. Bilateral symmetry and the articulation of buildings are found everywhere in China, from palace complexes to humble farmhouses.[42] Since the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
India[]
Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing.The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history.[43]
Indonesia[]
The Indonesian architecture reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. It ranges from native vernacular architecture, Hindu-Buddhist temples, colonial architecture, to modern architecture.
Indonesian vernacular architecture is called rumah adat. The houses hold social significance in society and demonstrate local ingenuity in their relations to environment and spatial organisation.[44]:5 Notable examples include Rumah Gadang, Tongkonan, Balinese houses and Javanese Joglo. Hindu-Buddhist temple monument called candi, with the best example are Borobudur massive stone mandala-stupa and Prambanan Hindu temple dedicated to Trimurti gods. By the 16th century, the Portuguese followed by the Dutch colonize Indonesian archipelago, and developed European architecture technique and developed colonial architecture.
Japan[]
Japanese architecture is distinctive in that it reflects a deep ″understanding of the natural world as a source of spiritual insight and an instructive mirror of human emotion″. Attention to aesthetics and the surroundings is given, natural materials are preferred and artifice is generally being avoided. Impressive wooden castles and temples, some of them 2000 years old, stand embedded in the natural contours of the local topography. Notable examples include the Hōryū Temple complex (6th century), Himeji Castle (14th century), Hikone Castle (17th century) and Osaka Castle.[45]
Malay Peninsula[]
Various cultural influences, notably Chinese, Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture.[46] Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings.[47] However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time of Srivijaya and ancient isthmian Malay kingdoms.
Western Asia[]
The ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system dates back to the 10th millennium BC and lead to the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats.[48] The basic and dominant building material was the mudbrick, which is still in use in the region for the construction of residential structures. Kiln-burnt bricks were coated with a vitreous enamel for purposes of decoration and bitumen functioned as cement. Palaces or temples were constructed on terraces as rooms usually grouped round quadrangles, with large doorways and the roofs rested on richly ornamented columns.[49]
Art[]
Detail of the Dragon Throne used by the Qianlong Emperor of China, Forbidden City, Qing dynasty. Artifact circulating in U.S. museums on loan from Beijing
Middle Eastern dance has various styles and has spread to the West in the form known as bellydancing. In the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, Bhangra (dance)bhangra dance is very popular. The bhangra is a celebration of the harvest. The people dance to the beat of a drum while singing and dancing.
In Southeast Asia, dance is an integral part of the culture; the styles of dance vary from region to region and island to island. Traditional styles of dance have evolved in Thailand and Burma. The Philippines have their own styles of dance such as Cariñosa and Tinikling; during the Spanish occupation of the Philippines, practitioners of Filipino martial arts hid fighting movements into their dances to keep the art alive despite the fact that it was banned by the occupiers.
Martial arts[]
Martial arts figure prominently in many Asian cultures, and the first known traces of martial arts date from the Xia Dynasty of ancient China from over 4000 years ago. Some of the best known styles of martial arts in the world were developed in East Asia, such as karate and judo from Japan, taekwondo from Korea and the various styles of Chinese martial arts known collectively as kung fu. Many other styles of martial arts originated in Southeast Asia, including muay Thai from Thailand, Vovinam from Vietnam, Arnis from the Philippines, and Pencak Silat from Indonesia. In addition, popular styles of wrestling have originated in Turkey and Mongolia.
Development of Asian martial arts continues today as newer styles are created. Modern hybrid martial arts systems such as Jeet Kune Do and Krav Maga often incorporate techniques from traditional East Asian martial arts. Asian martial arts are highly popular in the Western world and many have become international sports. Karate alone has 50 million practitioners worldwide.[50]
Languages[]
Asia is a continent with great linguistic diversity, and is home to various language families and many language isolates. In fact, Asia contains almost every major language family except the Bantu languages. A majority of Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken. For instance, according to Ethnologue over 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia while over 100 are spoken in the Philippines. The official figure of 'mother tongues' spoken in India is 1683, of which an estimated 850 are in daily use. Korea, on the other hand, is home to only one language.
The main languages found in Asia, along with examples of each, are:
- Afro-Asiatic: Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew
- Altaic languages (not accepted to be a family but a convenient grouping): Japonic: Japanese, Ryukyuan; Korean; Mongolic: Buryat, Mongolian; Turkic: Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbek; Tungusic: Manchu
- Austroasiatic (or 南亚语系 / South Asian language family): Khasi, Khmer, Mon, Santali, Vietnamese, Wa
- Austronesian (or 南岛语系 / Southern Islands language family): Bicolano, Cham, Ilocano, Javanese, Kapampangan, Kedayan, Malay (Indonesian & Malaysian), Minangkabau, Pangasinan, Sundanese, Tagalog, Tetum, Visayan (Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray)
- Chinese or Sino-Tibetan: Hakka, Hokkien (Taiwanese), Mandarin, Wu (Shanghainese), Yue (Cantonese), Burmese, Dzongkha, Lepcha, Meitei, Nepal Bhasa, Tibetan, Tshangla; Miao–Yao: Hmong, Iu Mien; Tai–Kadai: Bouyei, Isan, Kam, Lao, Shan, Thai, Zhuang
- Circassian: Kabardian
- Dagestanian: Chechen, Ingush
- Dravidian: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu
- Georgian
- Indo-European: Armenian, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Dhivehi, Gujarati, Hindustani (Hindi, Urdu), Kashmiri, Kurdish, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Pashto, Persian (Tajik and Dari), Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Sinhala, Russian, Greek; as well as Romance-based creoles: Chavacano, Macanese
- Uralic: Khanty, Mari, Nenets, Permics
Literature[]
Tang dynasty Chinese poet Li Bai, in a 13th-century depiction by Liang Kai
Arabic[]
Arabic literature is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. One of the most famous literary works of West Asia is One Thousand and One Arabian Nights.[51]
Chinese[]
In Tang and Song dynasty China, famous poets such as Li Bai authored works of great importance. They wrote shī (Classical Chinese: 詩) poems, which have lines with equal numbers of characters, as well as cí (詞) poems with mixed line varieties.
Hebrew and Diaspora Jewish[]
Jewish literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings by Jews, both in their original homeland and in the diaspora. A sizable amount of it is written in the Hebrew language, although there have been cases of literature written in Hebrew by non-Jews.[52] Without doubt, the most important such work is the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). Many other ancient works of Hebrew literature survive, including religious and philosophical works, historical records, and works of fiction.
Indian[]
The famous poet and playwright Kālidāsa wrote two epics: Raghuvamsham (Dynasty of Raghu) and Kumarasambhavam (Birth of Kumar Kartikeya); they were written in Classical Sanskrit rather than Epic Sanskrit some other examples of his plays are Abhigyanam Shakuntala . Other examples of works written in Classical Sanskrit include the Pānini's Ashtadhyayi which standardized the grammar and phonetics of Classical Sanskrit. The Laws of Manu is an important text in Hinduism. Kālidāsa is often considered to be the greatest playwright in Sanskrit literature, and one of the greatest poets in Sanskrit literature, whose Recognition of Shakuntala and Meghaduuta are the most famous Sanskrit plays. He occupies the same position in Sanskrit literature that Shakespeare occupies in English literature. Some other famous plays were Mricchakatika by Shudraka, Svapna Vasavadattam by Bhasa, and Ratnavali by Sri Harsha. Later poetic works include Geeta Govinda by Jayadeva. Some other famous works are Chanakya's Arthashastra and Vatsyayana's Kamasutra.
Japanese[]
In the early eleventh century, court lady Murasaki Shikibu wrote Tale of the Genji considered the masterpiece of Japanese literatures and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel. Early-Modern Japanese literature (17th–19th centuries) developed comparable innovations such as haiku, a form of Japanese poetry that evolved from the ancient hokku (Japanese language: 発句) mode. Haiku consists of three lines: the first and third lines each have five morae (the rough phonological equivalent of syllables), while the second has seven. Original haiku masters included such figures as Edo period poet Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉); others influenced by Bashō include Kobayashi Issa and Masaoka Shiki.
Korean[]
Korean literature begins in the Three Kingdoms Period, and continues through the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties to the modern day. Examples of Korean poetric forms include sijo and gasa, with Jeong Cheol and Yun Seon-do considered to be the supreme Korean poets. Examples of renowned Korean prose masterpieces include the Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong, The Cloud Dream of the Nine and the Chunhyangjeon.
Pakistani[]
Pakistani literature has a rich history, and draws influences from both Persian, Muslim and Indian literary traditions. The country has produced a large number of famed poets especially in the national Urdu language. The famous Muhammad Iqbal, regarded as the national poet, was often called "The Poet of the East" (Shair-e-Mashriq).
Persian[]
Turkish[]
Indonesian[]
Modern literature[]
The polymath Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, dramatist, and writer from India, became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel laureate. He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable impact his prose works and poetic thought had on English, French, and other national literature of Europe and the Americas. He also wrote Jana Gana Mana the national anthem of India as well as Amar Sonar Bangla the national anthem of Bangladesh. Moreover, translation of his another song “Namo Namo Matha" is the national anthem of Sri Lanka. This song was collected by his student Mr. Ananda Samarakoon and M. Nallathamby translated in Tamil language. Other Asian writers won Nobel Prizes in literature, including Yasunari Kawabata (Japan, 1966), and Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan, 1994). Yasunari Kawabata wrote novels and short stories distinguished by their elegant and spartan diction such as the novels Snow Country and The Master of Go.
Family[]
Families have very great importance in Asian cultures. They teach their kids that the family is their protection and the major source of their identity. They expect loyalty from their children. Parents define the law and the children are expected to obey them. This is called filial piety, the respect for one's parents and elders, and it is a concept that originated in China as 孝 (xiao) with Confucian's teachings.[53] They are expected to have self-control, thus making it hard for them to express emotions, they are also expected to show respect through their motions and the way they speak. Children are expected to look after their parents when they grow older.[54] Sons are expected to stay home, while daughters go and live with their husband's family. In Chinese culture, sometimes children are expected to care for their elders (赡养), and in various diaspora communities one may find Chinese children living with even their grandparents.
Philosophy[]
Asian philosophical traditions originated in India and China, and has been classified as Eastern philosophy covering a large spectrum of philosophical thoughts and writings, including those popular within India and China. The Indian philosophy include Jain philosophy, Hindu and Buddhist philosophies. They include elements of non-material pursuits, whereas another school of thought Cārvāka, which originated in India, and was propounded by Charvak around 2500 years before, preached the enjoyment of material world. Middle Eastern philosophy includes Islamic philosophy as well as Jewish and Persian philosophy.
During the 20th century, in the two most populous countries of Asia, two dramatically different political philosophies took shape. Mahatma Gandhi gave a new meaning to Ahimsa, and redefined the concepts of nonviolence and nonresistance. During the same period, Mao Zedong's communist philosophy was crystallized.
Religions[]
A stone image of the Buddha
The Syriac Orthodox Saint Ahoadamah Church was a 7th-century church building in the city of Tikrit, one of the oldest in the world until its destruction by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on 25 September 2014.
-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg){kind=link}
Dome of the Rock, an Islamic shrine in Jerusalem.
Asia is the birthplace of many religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shintoism, Sikhism, Taoism, and Zoroastranism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. The largest religions in Asia are Islam and Hinduism, both with approximately 1.1 billion adherents. In 2010, the Pew Research Center found five of the ten most religiously diverse regions in the world to be in Asia.[55]
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India, a country of South Asia. In East Asia, particularly in China and Japan, Confucianism, Taoism, Zen Buddhism and Shinto took shape. Other religions of Asia include the Bahá'í Faith, Shamanism practiced in Siberia, and Animism practiced in the eastern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
Over 60% of the global Muslim population is in Asia.[56] About 25% of Muslims live in the South Asian region, mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives. If Afghanistan is counted, this number is even higher. The world's largest single Muslim community (within the bounds of one nation) is in Indonesia.[57] There are also significant Muslim populations in the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, China, Russia, Central Asia and West Asia.[56]
In the Philippines and East Timor, Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion; it was introduced by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, respectively. In Russia, Georgia, and Armenia, Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion. Eastern Christian sects are the most dominant denomination in Asia, having adherents in portions of the Middle East (the Levant) and South Asia. Eastern churches include Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Maronite Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, among others. Judaism is the major religion of Israel.
Religions founded in Asia and with a majority of their contemporary adherents in Asia include:
| Religion | Image | Adherents | Followers in Asia | ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahá'í Faith | File:Seat of the House of Justice.jpg | 7 million | 3,433,000 | [58] |
Buddhism
|
File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg | 520 million | >400,000,000 | [59][60] |
| Hinduism | File:Aum Om navy blue circle coral.svg | 984 million | >900,000,000 | [59][61] |
| Judaism | File:Star of David.svg | 14 million | 6,373,700 | [59][62] |
Islam
|
File:Allah3.svg | 1.6 billion | 960,000,000 | [63][56] |
Christianity:
|
File:Christian cross.svg | 2.4 billion | 286,100,000 | [59][64] |
| Jainism | File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg | >4.2 million | >4,200,000 | [65] |
| Shinto | File:Torii.png | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Sikhism | File:Khanda.svg | 25 million | Unknown | [59] |
| Taoism | File:青羊宫法事.jpg | ~173 million | ~173 million | [66] |
| Zoroastrianism | File:ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG | 190,000 | Unknown | [67] |
| Shamanism | File:Khagdaev1.JPG | Unknown | Unknown | |
| Animism | Unknown | Unknown |
.jpeg){kind=link}
Festivals and celebrations[]
Asia has a variety of festivals and celebrations. In China, Chinese New Year, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Moon Festival are traditional holidays, while National Day is a holiday of the People's Republic of China.
In Japan, Japanese New Year, National Foundation Day, Children's Day, O-bon, The Emperor's Birthday and Christmas are popular. According to Japanese syncretism, most Japanese celebrate Buddhism's O-bon in midsummer, Shinto's Shichi-Go-San in November, and Christmas and Hatsumoude in winter together.
In India, Republic Day and Independence Day are important national festivals celebrated by people irrespective of faith. Major Hindu festivals of India include Diwali, Dussehra or Daserra, Holi, Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Mahashivratri, Ugadi, Navratri, Ramanavami, Baisakhi, Onam, Rathayatra, Ganesh Chaturthi and Krishna Janmaashtami. Islamic festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha, Sikh festivals such as Vaisakhi, and Christian festivals such as Christmas, are also celebrated in India.
The Philippines is also tagged as the "Fiesta Country" because of its all-year-round celebrations nationwide. There is a very strong Spanish influence in their festivals, thus making the Philippines distinctively "Western", yet retaining its native Asian characteristics. Fiesta is the term used to refer to a festival. Most of these fiestas are celebrated in honor of a patron saint. To summarize it all, at least every city or municipality has a fiesta. Some prime examples include Sinulog from Cebu and Dinagyang of Iloilo. Other famous Philippine festivals include the MassKara Festival of Bacolod and Panagbenga Festival of Baguio.
In Indonesia, the Independence Day and the birthday of Pancasila are important. This Muslim majority country also celebrates Islamic celebrations and festivals, such as Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Mawlid, Islamic New Year, Ashura, Tabuik, and Tasyrik day.
Sports[]
Due to the vastness of Asia, popularity of sports varies greatly across the continent.
Association football is widely popular in Asia. Boxing, badminton, and table tennis are very popular in East Asia. Baseball is popular in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Cricket is especially popular in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka; and more recently, in Nepal and Afghanistan.
Cuisine[]
Indonesian Balinese cuisine
In many parts of Asia, rice is a staple food, and it is mostly served steamed or as a porridge known as congee. China is the world largest producer and consumer of rice. While grain flatbread were consumed in the Middle East to the Indian subcontinent.
Traditionally, many Asians eat using their bare hand; this is a common practice in Central, South, and West Asia. However, western cutlery such as spoons and forks are currently being used increasingly and have also become widely available. With the advent of western cutlery, it may be viewed as rude in these nations to eat using the bare hands in some public places. In Indonesia and the Philippines, people usually use western cutlery such as the spoon, fork, and knife. While in China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam, people usually use chopsticks to eat traditional food, but the shape of chopsticks are different in these countries. For example, Chinese chopsticks are long and square; Vietnamese chopsticks are long, being thick at one end and then gradually getting thinner at the other end, and are made of wood or bamboo; Japanese chopsticks are rounder, short, and spiral, having been designed to eat bony fish easily; Taiwanese chopsticks are made of materials such as bamboo, wood, and metal; Korean chopsticks are short, flat, and made of metal. It is said that wood is rarer than metal on the Korean Peninsula[citation needed] and that metal chopsticks can prevent poisoning. Fresh raw fish cuisines, such as sushi and sashimi are very popular in East Asia (especially Japan). These raw fish dishes were influenced by two major cultures: Chinese and Japanese.
In India, people often eat food with their hands, and many spices such as cardamom, cumin, and fennel seeds are used in every dish. Most spices originated within the Indian subcontinent. Durians are a common fruit in Southeast Asia, which, Alfred Russel Wallace, attested to its delicious flavor as worth the entire cost of his trip there.
The cuisine of Indonesia possess rich and diverse collection of dishes and recipes with regional cooking tradition flourished, such as Minang Sundanese to Balinese. Most Indonesians consume steamed rice with flavorful meat, fish, and vegetables in one serving such as in Nasi Padang and nasi campur. Other notable example include rendang, satay, soto, and nasi goreng.
In Filipino banquet, many unique dishes have arisen because of the country's long years of colonization and interactions with other neighboring cultures and nations; it has inherited Latin, Malay, Chinese, and American influences to its people's local blend.[68]
Culture by people[]
Page Template:Div col/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").
- Afghan people
- Arab people
- Armenian people
- Assyrian people
- Aryan
- Azerbaijani people
- Baloch people
- Bangladeshi people
- Bengali people
- Betawi people
- Buginese people
- Burmese people
- Chinese people
- Cambodian people
- Dravidian people
- Filipino people
- Hadhrami people
- Hmong people
- Hong Kong people
- Iranian people
- Indonesian people
- Israeli people
- Japanese people
- Jewish people
- Korean people
- Kurdish people
- Lao people
- Macanese people
- Malay people
- Malaysian people
- Miao people
- Minangkabau people
- Mongolian people
- Moro people
- Punjabi people
- Pakistani people
- Pashtun People
- Peranakan people
- Tibetan people
- Rohingya people
- Romani people
- Russian people
- Sindhi people
- Tajik people
- Turkic peoples
- Taiwanese people
- Thai people
- Vietnamese people
See also[]
- Culture of Africa
- Culture of Europe
- Culture of North America
- Culture of Oceania
- Culture of South America
Notes[]
^ John Lindley (1889), Treasury of Botany vol 1. p. 435. Longmans, Green, & Co; New and rev. ed edition (1889)
References[]
- ↑ "Geographic Regions". United Nations. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Population". UNITED NATIONS. 14 December 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Asia: Human Geography". National Geographic Society. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Lockard, Craig A. (2014-06-19). Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History. ISBN 9781285783086. https://books.google.com/?id=lTEeCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299&lpg=PA299&dq=Indianized+kingdoms#v=onepage&q=Indianized%20kingdoms&f=false. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
- ↑ Karen Steffen Chung. "Some Returned Loans: Japanese Loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin" (PDF). National Taiwan University. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Tanaka, Tan. (1992). "Early Japanese Horticultural Treatises and Pure Land Buddhist Style: Sakuteki and Its Background in Ancient Japan and China" in Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods (John Dixon Hunt, ed.), p. 79.
- ↑ Keith Weller Taylor (1991-04-24). The Birth of Vietnam. ISBN 9780520074170. https://books.google.com/?id=rCl_02LnNVIC&pg=PA313#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
- ↑ "The long cultural strings of Water Puppetry". 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on December 23, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Heian period". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "The Chinese Canon". BuddhaNet. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Gi-Wook Shin (2006). Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy. ISBN 9780804754088. https://books.google.com/?id=nNc2AzJmwPoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
- ↑ Robert Kelly (June 3, 2015). "Why South Korea is So Obsessed with Japan". RealClearDefense. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Liviu Giosan, Peter D. Clift, Mark G. Macklin, Dorian Q. Fuller, Stefan Constantinescu, Julie A. Durcan, Thomas Stevens, Geoff A. T. Duller, Ali R. Tabrez, Kavita Gangal, Ronojoy Adhikari, Anwar Alizai, Florin Filip, Sam VanLaningham, James P. M. Syvitski (June 26, 2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 109 (26): E1688–E1694. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3387054.
- ↑ John L. Brooke (2014-03-17). Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey. ISBN 9780521871648. https://books.google.com/?id=O9TSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
- ↑ Kenoyer 1991.
- ↑ Coningham & Young 2015, p. 27.
- ↑ Mark McClish, Patrick Olivelle (2012-09-07). The Arthaśāstra: Selections from the Classic Indian Work on Statecraft. ISBN 9781603849036. https://books.google.com/?id=lBb91WNaed8C&pg=PR24#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
- ↑ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the .... ISBN 9788131711200. https://books.google.com/?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA260&dq=Great+States+Upinder+singh#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
- ↑ & Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India 2008, p. 200.
- ↑ Michael Witzel. "The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu" (PDF). Harvard University. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Hindu synthesis and smriti". Speaking Tree. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism". A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Foundation. 18 December 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists". Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013-01-01) (in en). South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today. Routledge. ISBN 9780415448512. https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193.
- ↑ "10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Diplomat, Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The. "How South Asia Will Save Global Islam" (in en-US). The Diplomat. http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
- ↑ Peter R. Blood. "Pakistan : a country study". Library of Congress. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Bista, Dor Bahadur (1991). Fatalism and Development: Nepal's Struggle for Modernization - Dor Bahadur Bista - Google Books. ISBN 9788125001881. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JzFROpFVYRAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
- ↑ http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_26_02_01.pdf
- ↑ Mendis, V.L.B (1985). Foreign Relations of Sri Lanka: Earliest Times to 1965. Tisara Prakasakayo. pp. 113–16.
- ↑ Sirisena, W. M. (1978-01-01). Sri Lanka and South-East Asia: Political, Religious and Cultural Relations ... - W. M. Sirisena - Google Books. ISBN 978-9004056602. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=CdUUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
- ↑ Daigorō Chihara (1996). Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia - Daigorō Chihara. ISBN 978-9004105126. https://books.google.com/?id=wiUTOanLClcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ↑ Victor T. King (2008). The Sociology of Southeast Asia: Transformations in a Developing Region. ISBN 9788791114601. https://books.google.com/?id=54s1JHO69OMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+...#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ↑ National Library of Australia. Asia's French Connection : George Coedes and the Coedes Collection Archived 21 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Southeast Asia: Imagining the region" (PDF). Amitav Acharya. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ James Rennell (1831). A treatise on the comparative geography of western Asia: accompanied with an. C.J.G. & F. Rivington. https://archive.org/details/atreatiseoncomp01renngoog. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ↑ Jerry J. Sweeney, William R. Walter (December 1, 1998). "Preliminary Definition of Geophysical Regions for the Middle East and North Africa" (PDF). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Steppe Nomads and Central Asia". web archive. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ James, Paul. "National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia". National Identities (Academia edu). https://www.academia.edu/2832538. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
- ↑ "West Asian architecture – Ancient Mesopotamian architecture". Quatr US. 12 September 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Ronald G. Knapp (July 5, 2006). "Chinese Houses. The Architectural Heritage of a Nation". The China Quarterly (Cambridge University Press) 186: 505–508. doi:10.1017/S0305741006430241.
- ↑ Klaus-Peter Gast. "Full text of "Modern Traditions - Contemporary Architecture in India"". Archive Org. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Indonesian Houses: Tradition and Transformation in Vernacular Architecture. NUS Press. 2004. ISBN 9789971692926. https://books.google.com/?id=Oup15S3lTDAC.
- ↑ James T. Ulak. "Japanese architecture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Jan Henket, Hubert; Heynen, Hilde (2002). Back from utopia: the challenge of the modern movement. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6450-483-9.
- ↑ Marshall Cavendish (September 2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, New York. ISBN 978-076-1476-31-3.
- ↑ "Gods and Goddesses". Mesopotamia.co.uk. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "WWest Asiatic Architecture". IntelliChristian. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Web Japan
- ↑ Cachia, P.J.E. (January 1960). "Modern Arabic Literature". University of Toronto Quarterly 29 (2): 282–296. doi:10.3138/utq.29.2.282.
- ↑ Modern Palestinian literature and culture, by Ami Elad, 37ff
- ↑ "Cultural Values of Asian Patients and Families – Dimensions of Culture". www.dimensionsofculture.com. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "The Value and Meaning of the Korean Family". Asia Society. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Religious Diversity Index" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2016.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Houissa, Ali. "LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Muslim Populations". guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ Houissa, Ali. "LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Islam in Southeast Asia". guides.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Religion: Year In Review 2010 - Worldwide Adherents of All Religions". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016-11-20. Archived from the original on 2016-11-20. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). International Bulletin of Missionary Research. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "Buddhists" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2012-12-18. http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/.
- ↑ "Hindus" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015-04-02. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/hindus/.
- ↑ "Jewish Population of the World". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ "World's Muslim Population Will Surpass Christians This Century, Pew Says" (in en). NPR.org. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/02/397042004/muslim-population-will-surpass-christians-this-century-pew-says.
- ↑ "Asia-Pacific" (in en-US). Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2015-04-02. http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/asia-pacific/.
- ↑ "BBC - Religions - Jainism: Jainism at a glance". Retrieved 2018-01-22.
{{cite web}}: - ↑ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.. Religions & Christianity in Today's China, Vol. II, 2012, No. 3, pp. 29-54, ISSN 2192-9289.
- ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (2008-09-06). "Zoroastrians Keep the Faith, and Keep Dwindling". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
- ↑ "The Flavors of Asia". Quaker Oats Company. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
{{cite web}}:
Bibliography[]
- Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), East Asia: A New History, AuthorHouse
- Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1991), "The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India", Journal of World Prehistory 5 (4): 1–64, doi:10.1007/BF00978474
- Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press
- Singh, Upinder (2008), A History of Ancient and Early Mediaeval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education India, ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA184
Further reading[]
- "Cultural Values of Asian Patients and Families – Dimensions of Culture". Dimensionsofculture.com. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
{{cite web}}: - "The Value and Meaning of the Korean Family". Asia Society. 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
{{cite web}}: - The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code
- Witzel, Michael (1989), "Tracing the Vedic dialects", Dialectes dans les Litteratures Indo-Aryennes Ed. Caillat, Paris, 97–265.
External links[]
- Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home showcases Chinese culture through a detailed examination of a family residence located in the Anhui province of East China.
- Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize was established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or groups/organizations to preserve and create unique and diverse cultures of Asia.
- Asian cultural art and antique showcases the cultural ornaments used by the tribes in south east Asia during ancient time.
Template:Culture of Asia Template:Culture by continent Template:Asia topics