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British Airways

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For similar named airlines, see British Airways Ltd and British Airways Limited.
British Airways
File:British Airways Logo.png
IATA ICAO Callsign
BA BAW
SHT 		SPEEDBIRD
SHUTTLE[1]
Founded31 March 1974
AOC #441
Hubs
  • London Heathrow Airport
  • Gatwick Airport
Frequent-flyer program
  • Executive Club
AllianceOneworld
Subsidiaries
  • BA CityFlyer
  • OpenSkies
  • British Airways Limited
  • British Airways World Cargo
Fleet size262
Destinations169 not incl. subsidiaries and code-shares
Parent companyInternational Airlines Group
HeadquartersWaterside, Harmondsworth, England
Key peopleKeith Williams
(Chief Executive Officer)[2]
Sir Martin Broughton
(Chairman)
RevenueIncrease £10.827 billion (2011)[3]
Websitewww.britishairways.com

British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom, based in Waterside, near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. It is the largest airline in the UK based on fleet size, international flights and international destinations and second largest measured by passengers carried, behind easyJet.

The British Airways Group was established in 1972 to control the two nationalised airline corporations, BOAC and BEA, and two smaller, regional airlines, Cambrian Airways, from Cardiff, and Northeast Airlines, from Newcastle upon Tyne. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were merged to form British Airways. After almost 13 years as a state company, British Airways was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative Government. The carrier soon expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987 and Dan-Air, Gatwick-based carrier, in 1992.

A long-time Boeing customer, British Airways ordered 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft in August 1998. In 2007, it purchased 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners, marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement. The centrepiece of the airline's long-haul fleet is the Boeing 747-400; with 55 examples in the fleet, British Airways is the largest operator of this type in the world.

British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third largest, after SkyTeam and Star Alliance. British Airways merged with Iberia on 21 January 2011, formally creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), the world's third largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second largest in Europe. IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. In 2012, IAG purchased British Midland International (BMI) and established a new subsidiary based at London City Airport operating Airbus A318s.[4]

History[]

Main article: History of British Airways
File:British Airways Boeing 747-100 in BOAC basic livery Marmet.jpg

A Boeing 747-100 in BOAC-British Airways transition livery

On 1 September 1972, the boards of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA) were combined under the newly formed British Airways Group. British Airways was established as an airline on 31 March 1974 by the dissolution of BOAC and BEA.[5] Following two years of fierce competition with British Caledonian, the second-largest airline in Britain at the time, the Government changed its aviation policy in 1976 so that the two carriers would no longer compete on long-haul routes.[6]

British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde; the world's first supersonic passenger service first flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain.[7] Services to the US were inaugurated to Washington Dulles airport on 24 May 1976; flights to New York JFK airport started on 22 September 1977. A service to Singapore was also operated in co-operation with Singapore Airlines, as a continuation of the flight to Bahrain.[5] Following the Air France Concorde crash in Paris and a slump in air travel following the September 11 attacks in New York in 2001, it was decided to cease Concorde operations in 2003, after 27 years of service. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003.[8]

File:British Airways Trident Three G-AWZA.jpg

A British Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident in transitional scheme with BEA livery but with British Airways titles.

In 1981, the airline was instructed to prepare for privatisation by the Conservative Thatcher government. Sir John King, later Lord King, was appointed Chairman, charged with bringing the airline back into profitability. King was credited with transforming the loss-making giant into one of the most profitable air carriers in the world, while many other large airlines struggled.[9] The flag carrier was privatised and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1987.[10] In July 1987, British Airways effected the takeover of Britain's "second" airline, British Caledonian.[11]

The formation of Richard Branson's Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 created a competitor for BA. In 1993, the intense rivalry between British Airways and Virgin Atlantic culminated in the former being sued for libel arising from claims and counter claims over a "dirty tricks" campaign by BA against Virgin. British Airways' campaign against Virgin included poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and PR undermining the reputation in the City. Following a libel case, British Airways agreed to pay £110,000 damages to Virgin (and £500,000 to Branson) and £3 million legal costs causing BA management to apologise "unreservedly" for the alleged "dirty tricks" campaign. An action filed in the US in 1993 by Virgin against BA over domination of the trans-Atlantic routes was thrown out in 1999.[12] Six months after the "dirty tricks" campaign, Lord King stepped down as chairman in 1993 and was replaced by former deputy, Colin Marshall, while Bob Ayling took over as CEO.[13]

File:British Airways Concorde official handover ceremony Fitzgerald.jpg

British Airways' first Concorde at Heathrow Airport on 15 January 1976.

In 1992, British Airways expanded through the acquisition of the financially troubled Dan-Air, giving BA a much larger presence at Gatwick airport. In March 1993, British Asia Airways, a subsidiary based in Taiwan, was formed to operate between London and Taipei. Additionally in 1993, BA purchased a 25% stake in Australian airline Qantas in March, and acquired Brymon Airways in May to form British Airways Citiexpress (later BA Connect).[13] In September 1998, British Airways, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and Canadian Airlines, formed the Oneworld airline alliance. Oneworld began operations on 1 February 1999, and is the smallest airline alliance in the world, behind SkyTeam and Star Alliance.[11]

Benefits under CEO Bob Ayling's leadership included cost savings of £750m and the establishment of budget airline Go in 1998.[14] However, one year on, in 1999, British Airways reported an 84 percent drop in profits, its worst for seven years.[15] In 2000 British Airways and KLM conducted talks on a potential merger, reaching a decision in July to file an official merger plan with the European Commission.[16] The plan fell through in September that year.[17] In March 2000, Ayling was removed from his position and British Airways announced Rod Eddington as his successor; Eddington would make further workforce cuts due to reduced demand following the 11 September attacks in 2001.[8] British Asia Airways ceased operations in 2001 after BA suspended flights to Taipei. Go was sold to its management and the private equity firm 3i in June 2001.[18] BA sold its stake in Qantas in September 2004.[19]

In September 2005, Willie Walsh, former Aer Lingus pilot and Managing Director, became the Chief Executive Officer of the company.[20] In January 2008, BA unveiled its new subsidiary OpenSkies, which takes advantage of the liberalisation of transatlantic traffic rights between Europe and the United States. As of 2013, OpenSkies flies non-stop from Paris to New York's JFK and Newark airports.[21]

File:British Airways Iberia aircraft tails BA IB.jpg

British Airways and Iberia merged in January 2011, forming the International Airlines Group, one of the world's largest airlines

On 30 July 2008, British Airways and Iberia, a Spanish fellow Oneworld partner, announced a merger plan; the two airlines would retain their original brands, similar to KLM and Air France in their merger agreement.[22] An agreement to merge was confirmed in April 2010.[23] In July 2010, the European Commission and US Department of Transport permitted the merger and to co-ordinate transatlantic routes with American Airlines.[24][25] On 6 October 2010, the alliance between British Airways, American Airlines and Iberia formally began operations; the alliance generates an estimated £230 million annual cost-saving for BA, in addition to £330 million by the Iberia merge.[26][27]

British Airways ceased trading on the London Stock Exchange on 21 January 2011, after 23 years as a constituent of the FTSE 100 index.[28] On 21 January 2011, British Airways and Iberia merged, resulting in the world's third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue and the second largest airline group in Europe.[23][29] Prior to merging, British Airways owned a 13.5% stake in Iberia, thus it received ownership of 55% of the combined International Airlines Group, Iberia's other shareholders received the remaining 45%.[30]

In September 2010, Willie Walsh, the CEO of IAG, announced that IAG was looking at other airlines; and that a shortlist of twelve possible acquisitions existed.[31] In early November 2011, IAG announced an agreement in principle to purchase British Midland International from Lufthansa.[32] A contract to purchase the airline was agreed on 22 December 2011,[33] and the sale was completed for £172.5 million on 30 March 2012.[34]

British Airways was the airline partner of the London 2012 Olympic Games. On 18 May 2012 it flew the Olympic flame from Athens International Airport to RNAS Culdrose while carrying various dignitaries including Lord Sebastian Coe, Princess Anne, Olympics minister Hugh Robertson and London Mayor Boris Johnson, together with footballer David Beckham.[35]

Corporate affairs[]

Overview[]

File:WatersideBAHQLondon.jpg

Waterside, the head office of British Airways

British Airways has its head office, Waterside, in Harmondsworth, London Borough of Hillingdon, England.[36] Waterside was completed in June 1998 to replace British Airways' previous head office, Speedbird House, on the grounds of London Heathrow Airport.[37][38]

Operations[]

Main articles: British Airways destinations and British Airways franchise destinations

British Airways is the largest airline based in the United Kingdom in terms of fleet size, international flights, and international destinations and was, until 2008, the largest airline by passenger numbers as well. The airline carried 34.6 million passengers in 2008 but easyJet, a rival, low-cost carrier carried 44.5 million passengers that year, passing British Airways for the first time.[39][40] British Airways holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, it is permitted to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.[41]

British Airways' main base is at London Heathrow Airport in west London, England, but it also has a major presence at Gatwick Airport. It also has a base at London City Airport, with a major presence from its subsidiary BA CityFlyer, who are the largest operator from LCY. BA had previously operated a significant hub at Manchester Airport. Manchester operations, and international services outside of London, ceased when the subsidiary, BA Connect, was sold due to a lack of profitability. Passengers wishing to travel internationally with BA either to or from regional UK destinations must now transfer in London.[42] Heathrow airport is dominated by British Airways, due to their ownership of 40% of the slots available at the airport.[43] The majority of BA services operate from Terminal 5, with the exception of some short-haul flights at Terminal 1 and some long-haul flights at Terminal 3.[44]

British Airways serves nearly 150 destinations, including six domestic. It is one of only ten carriers to fly to all six permanently inhabited continents.[45]

Subsidiaries and shareholdings[]

BA CityFlyer is a wholly owned subsidiary based at London City Airport, and it flies 14 Embraer 170/190 aircraft and one leased Saab 2000.[46] BA CityFlyer operates from London City Airport to 23 destinations throughout Europe. The airline mostly focuses on the financial market, however has recently grown in the leisure market. This included starting routes to Ibiza and Palma, and began flying to Venice in September 2012.[47] The onboard product is identical to that of the BA Short Haul product from both LHR and LGW.[48]

The former BEA Helicopters was renamed British Airways Helicopters in 1974 and operated passenger and offshore oil support services until it was sold in 1986.[49] Other former subsidiaries include the German airline Deutsche BA from 1997 until 2003 and the French airline Air Liberté from 1997 to 2001.[50][51] British Airways also owned Airways Aero Association, the operator of the British Airways flying club based at Wycombe Air Park, High Wycombe until it was sold to Surinder Arora in November 2007.[52]

South Africa's Comair and Denmark's Sun Air of Scandinavia have been franchisees of British Airways since 1996.[53][54] British Airways obtained a 15% stake in UK regional airline Flybe from the sale of BA Connect in March 2007;[55] BA also owned a 10% stake in InterCapital and Regional Rail (ICRR), the company that managed the operations of Eurostar (UK) Ltd from 1998 to 2010,[56][57] when the management of Eurostar was restructured.

File:2010-06-30 B757 OpenSkies F-HAVN EDDF 02.jpg

Boeing 757 of OpenSkies landing at Frankfurt Airport

With the creation of an Open Skies agreement between Europe and the United States in March 2008, British Airways started a new subsidiary airline called OpenSkies (previously known as "Project Lauren").[58] The airline started operations in June 2008, and now flies direct from Paris to New York's JFK and Newark airports.[59]

British Airways Limited was established in 2012 to take over the operation of the premium service operated between London City Airport and New York-JFK. BA began the service in September 2009, which uses two Airbus A318s fitted with 32 lie-flat beds in an all business class cabin.[60][61] Flights operate under the numbers previously reserved for Concorde, BA001, BA002, BA003, and BA004.[62][63]

British Airways provides cargo services under the British Airways World Cargo brand. The division has been part of IAG Cargo since 2012, and is the world's twelfth-largest cargo airline based on total freight tonne-kilometres flown.[64] BA World Cargo operates using the main BA fleet, together with three Boeing 747-8 freighter aircraft providing dedicated long-haul services operating under a wet lease arrangement from Global Supply Systems.[65] The division operates an automated cargo centre at London Heathrow Airport and handles freight at Gatwick and Stansted airports.

Industrial relations[]

Staff working for British Airways are represented by a number of trade unions, pilots are represented by British Air Line Pilots' Association, cabin crew by British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association (a branch of Unite the Union), while other branches of Unite the Union represent other employees. Bob Ayling's management faced strike action by cabin crew over a £1 billion cost-cutting drive to return BA to profitability in 1997; this was the last time BA cabin crew would strike until 2009, although staff morale has reportedly been unstable since that incident.[66] In an effort to increase interaction between management, employees, and the unions, various conferences and workshops have taken place, often with thousands in attendance.[67]

In 2005, wildcat action was taken by union members over a decision by Gate Gourmet to not renew the contracts of 670 workers and replace them with agency staff; it is estimated that the strike cost British Airways £30 million and caused disruption to 100,000 passengers.[68] In October 2006, BA became involved in a civil rights dispute when a Christian employee was forbidden to wear a necklace baring the cross, a religious symbol.[69] BA's practice of forbidding such symbols has been publicly questioned by British politicians such as former Home Secretary John Reid and former Foreign Secretary Jack Straw.[70][71]

Relations have been turbulent between BA and Unite. In 2007, cabin crew threatened strike action over salary changes to be imposed by BA management. The strike was called off at the last minute, British Airways losing £80 million.[66] In December 2009, a ballot for strike action over Christmas received a high level of support,[72] action was blocked by a court injunction that deemed the ballot illegal. Negotiations failed to stop strike action in March, BA withdrew perks for strike participants.[73] Allegations were made by the Guardian newspaper that BA had consulted outside firms methods to undermine the unions, the story was later withdrawn.[74] A strike was announced for May 2010, British Airways again sought an injunction. Members of the Socialist Workers Party disrupted negotiations between BA management and Unite to prevent industrial action.[75] Further disruption struck when Derek Simpson, a Unite co-leader, was discovered to have leaked details of confidential negotiations online via Twitter.[76]

Destinations[]

File:BA-Des.svg

British Airways and British Airways franchise destinations.

  United Kingdom
  British Airways destinations
  Destinations served only by British Airways franchise

Main article: British Airways destinations

British Airways is one of the few airlines that fly to all six inhabited continents, along with Delta Air Lines, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Korean Air, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Singapore Airlines, South African Airways and United Airlines.

Partnerships and codeshare agreements[]

British Airways has codeshare agreements and/or partnerships with the following airlines:[77]

  • Aer Lingus
  • Air Berlin
  • American Airlines
  • Bangkok Airways
  • Cathay Pacific
  • Finnair
  • Flybe[78]
  • Iberia
  • Japan Airlines
  • LAN Airlines
  • Loganair
  • Meridiana Fly
  • Royal Jordanian
  • S7 Airlines
  • WestJet

Fleet[]

File:British Airways tails lined up at LHR Terminal 5B Iwelumo .jpg

British Airways 747-400 and 777 aircraft at London Heathrow Terminal 5

With the exception of the Boeing 707 and early Boeing 747 variants from BOAC, the airline as formed in 1972-4 inherited a mainly UK-built fleet of aircraft. The airline introduced the Boeing 737 and Boeing 757 into the fleet in the 1980s, followed by the Boeing 747–400 (British Airways is the largest operator with 55), Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 in the 1990s.[11][13] Boeing-built aircraft for British Airways are allocated the customer code 36, which appears in their aircraft designation as a suffix, such as 737–436, 747–436 and 777–236.[79]

Although British Airways utilises a large Boeing fleet, it has always operated aircraft from other manufacturers.[80] British built aircraft were transferred from BEA (e.g. Trident) and BOAC (e.g. VC10), and in the 1980s the airline operated the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar.[81] It also operated the DC-10 and Airbus A320-100 through the acquisition of British Caledonian Airways in the 1980s. In August 1998, British Airways placed its first direct Airbus order, for 59 A320/A319s, to replace its own ageing fleet of Boeing 737s and A320-100s.[82] British Airways replaced the L-1011 and DC-10 tri-jet fleet with more fuel-efficient, twinjet, Boeing 767 and 777 aircraft in the 1990s.

On 27 March 2007, British Airways placed an order for four 777-200ER aircraft with an option for four more; the order cost more than US$800 million at list price; BA has stated these are for fleet expansion.[83] BA's first 777s were fitted with General Electric GE90 engines, but BA switched to Rolls-Royce Trent 800s for the nineteen most recent aircraft.[84] This choice has been continued on the four most recent orders.[85]

File:British Airways Airbus A380-841 F-WWSK PAS 2013 01.jpg

British Airways' first Airbus A380, at the 2013 Paris Air Show

On 27 September 2007, BA announced their biggest order since 1998 by ordering thirty-six new long-haul aircraft. The company ordered twelve Airbus A380s with options on a further seven, and twenty-four Boeing 787 Dreamliners with eighteen options for delivery between 2013 and 2016.[86] Rolls-Royce Trent engines were again selected for both orders with Trent 900s powering the A380s and Trent 1000s powering the 787s. The Boeing 787s will replace fourteen of British Airways' Boeing 767 fleet while the Airbus A380s will replace twenty of BA's oldest Boeing 747-400s and will most likely be used to increase capacity on key routes from London Heathrow. The A380 will be launched on the Los Angeles route, with the Hong Kong route starting a month later.[87][88] The Boeing 757 was withdrawn from British Airways service in October 2010.[89]

On 1 August 2008, BA announced orders for six Boeing 777-300ERs and options for four more as an interim measure to cover for delays over the deliveries of their 787-8/9s. Of the six that have been ordered, four will be leased and two will be fully acquired by British Airways.[90] On 12 January 2009, Willie Walsh stated that the 777 purchase did not indicate a ruling out of the Airbus A350 for BA's fleet renewal programme and "the airline expects to reach a decision towards the end of the year."[91]

On 22 April 2013, IAG confirmed that it had signed a memorandum of understanding to order 18 A350-1000 aircraft for British Airways, with a further 18 options. The aircraft would replace some of the airline's Boeing 747-400 fleet.[92] Options for 18 Boeing 787 aircraft, part of the original contract signed in 2007, have been converted into firm orders for delivery between 2017 and 2021.[93]

On 26 June 2013, British Airways took delivery of its first 787s. The airline will operate the 787 aircraft to Toronto from 1 September 2013 and to Newark from 1 October 2013.[94] BA's first A380 was delivered on 4 July 2013;[95] three are planned to be in service by the end of 2013.[96] It will begin regular services to Los Angeles on 24 September 2013, followed by Hong Kong from 22 October 2013.[97]

The majority (77%) of the British Airways fleet is either powered by Rolls-Royce or IAE alliance engines, of which Rolls-Royce was a major contributor. The remaining 23% of the fleet is equally divided between General Electric and the CFM International consortium.[98]

The combined International Airlines Group entity, that BA is now a part of, operates around 400 aircraft, carries over 62 million passengers annually, and serves more than 200 destinations.[23] As of July 2013 the British Airways fleet includes the following aircraft:[98]

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File:2010-07-08 A319 BA G-EUOI EDDF 01.jpg
Airbus A319 lands at London Heathrow Airport
File:British Airways Boeing 777-300ER Iwelumo-1.jpg
A British Airways Boeing 777-300ER at London Heathrow Airport in May 2012
File:Ba b747-400 g-bnle arp.jpg
Boeing 747-400 takes off from London Heathrow Airport
British Airways Fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers[99][100]
F J W M
Total
Airbus A318-100
2
—
—
32
—
—
32
Airbus A319-100
44
—
—
var
—
var
132
Airbus A320-200
48
9
—
var
—
var
162
Airbus A321-200
18
—
—
var
—
var
188
Airbus A380-800
1
11
14
97
55
303
469
Boeing 737–400
18
—
—
var
—
var
Up to 147
Boeing 747-400
55
—
14
70
30
185
299
14
52
36
243
345
Boeing 767-300ER
21
—
—
24
24
141
189
—
var
—
var
Up to 259
Boeing 777-200ER
46
—
14
48
40
122
224
—
48
24
203
275
Boeing 777-300ER
6
6
14
56
44
185
299
Boeing 787–8
2
6
—
35
25
154
214
Boeing 787–9
—
16
TBA
Total 262 48
British Airways World Cargo Fleet
  • 3 Boeing 747-8F (operated by Global Supply Systems in BA livery)

Other aircraft types used between 1974 and 1983 were Vickers 953C,[101] Boeing 707-300C [102] and Boeing 747-200F [103] while the Boeing 747-400F was operated from the 1990s to 2001 through Atlas Air and 2002 to early 2012 by Global Supply Systems, of these only one of Atlas Air's aircraft wore BA livery (World Tails, Chelsea Rose scheme),[104] the others flew in Atlas and Global Supply's own colours.

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File:British Airways Super VC-10.jpg
A Super VC10 in 1975
File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAD.jpg
Concorde G-BOAD, which set the passenger airliner world speed record on 7 February 1996 when it flew from New York to London Heathrow in 2 hours, 52 minutes and 59 seconds, on display at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City in December 2005.
File:British Airways Boeing 757-236 Fitzgerald.jpg
A Boeing 757–200 at London Heathrow Airport in February 1983.

Former fleet[]

Aircraft Introduced Retired
Airbus A320-100 1988 2007
BAC One-Eleven 400 1974 1988
BAC One-Eleven 500 1974 1993
BAe 146–200 1989 1994
BAe ATP 1989 1994
Boeing 707–300 1974 1984
Boeing 707–400 1974 1981
Boeing 737–200 1974 2001
Boeing 737–300 1988 2009
Boeing 737–500 1996 2009
Boeing 747–100 1974 1999
Boeing 747–200 1977 2001
Boeing 757–200 1983 2010
Boeing 767–200 1993 1996
Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde 1976 2003
Hawker Siddeley Trident 1974 1985
Hawker Siddeley HS 748 1975 1989
Lockheed L-1011 TriStar 1974 1993
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1988 1999
Vickers VC10 1974 1981
Vickers Vanguard 1974 1975
Vickers Viscount 1974 1982

British Airways Engineering[]

The company has its own engineering branch to maintain its aircraft fleet, this includes line maintenance at over 70 airports around the world.[105] As well as hangar facilities at Heathrow and Gatwick airport it has two major maintenance centres at Glasgow and Cardiff Airports and a new facility at Prestwick Airport treating wing skin corrosion on A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. From the beginning of 2012 most heavy maintenance on the Boeing 737-400 Gatwick-based fleet is now done at the Lufthansa Technik maintenance facility in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Marketing[]

Branding[]

Further information: British Airways face advertisement
File:British Airways at Terminal 5 in 2011.jpg

British Airways' promotional banner above the check in desks at Terminal 5

The musical theme predominantly used on British Airways advertising is "The Flower Duet" by Léo Delibes.[106] This, and the slogan "The World's Favourite Airline" were introduced in 1989 with the launch of the iconic "Face" advertisement.[107] The slogan was dropped in 2001, after having been overtaken by Lufthansa in terms of passenger numbers.[108] "Flower Duet" is still used by the airline, and has been through several different arrangements since 1989. The recent version of this melody was shown in 2007, with a new slogan, "Upgrade to British Airways".[109] Other advertising slogans have included "The World's Favourite Airline", "The World's Best Airline", "We'll Take More Care Of You", and "Fly the Flag".[110]

BA had an account for 23 years with Saatchi & Saatchi, who created many of their most famous advertisements, including the influential "Face" campaign; Saatchi & Saatchi imitated this advert for rival Silverjet in 2007 after BA discontinued their business activities.[111] As of February 2007, BA's advertising agency is Bartle Bogle Hegarty.[112]

Online, British Airways purchased the internet domain ba.com in 2002 from previous owner Bell Atlantic, 'BA' being the company's acronym and its IATA Airline code. In September 2011, BA launched its biggest advertising campaign in a decade, including a 90-second cinematic advert celebrating the airline's ninety-year heritage, and a new slogan "To Fly. To Serve".[113]

British Airways is the official airline of the Wimbledon Championship tennis tournament, and was the official airline and tier one partner of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.[114][115] British Airways was also the official airline of England's bid to host the 2018 Football World Cup.[116]

Liveries and tail fins[]

Further information: British Airways ethnic liveries
File:Animalstrees.jpg

British Airways Boeing 747–400 with a Utopia fin.

Since its formation in 1974, though to a limited extent until all aircraft were repainted, British Airways' aeroplanes carried a Union Jack scheme painted on their tail fins. The original tail scheme was changed in 1984 as part of a new livery designed by Landor Associates.[117] On 10 June 1997 there was a highly controversial change from the use of the British colours to ethnic logos and abstract world images,[118] such as Delftware or Chinese calligraphy for example. All the designs related to countries on the company's network of routes. This caused problems with air traffic control: whereas previously controllers had been able to tell pilots to follow a BA plane, they were now harder to visually identify because each plane was painted in a range of different colours and colour schemes.[119]

Several people spoke out against the change from the traditional Union Flag scheme, including the former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher who covered the tail of a model BA plane with a white handkerchief captured by BBC News cameras.[120] BA's traditional rival, Virgin Atlantic, quickly adopted the British flag along with the slogan "Britain's national flagcarrier".[121] On 6 June 1999, BA CEO Bob Ayling announced that all BA planes would be repainted with the Union Flag, based on a design first used on Concorde.[122]

Loyalty programmes[]

British Airways' loyalty programme is called the Executive Club, featuring multiple tiers, has benefits such as access to special lounges and dedicated 'fast' queues.[123] BA also invites its top corporate accounts to join a "Premier" incentive programme. British Airways operates airside lounges for passengers travelling in premium cabins and these are available to certain tiers of Executive Club members.[124] First class passengers, as well as Gold Executive Club members, are entitled to use First Class Lounges. Business class passengers (called Club World or Club Europe in BA terms) as well as Silver Executive Club members may use Business lounges[125] Often, at airports in which BA does not operate a departure lounge, a third party lounge is usually provided for premium/status passengers.[126] In August 2011, British Airways announced changes to the Executive Club to maximise integration with the merge with Iberia.[127]

Cabins[]

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File:British Airways A321 Y cabin, GB (GT) March 2008.jpg
Short haul Euro Traveller cabin
File:BA New Club World seat.jpg
A Next-Generation Club World seat
Short-haul

UK Domestic is British Airways' economy class on domestic UK flights. Flights into Heathrow are operated by Airbus A320 series aircraft, and flights into Gatwick are operated by Boeing 737 aircraft, which are in a one-class configuration.[128][129]

Business UK operates the same cabin as UK Domestic, but has pre-flight lounge access. Euro Traveller is British Airways' economy class offering on flights from the UK to the rest of Europe.[128] In-Flight Entertainment is offered on 767-300ER and some A320 aircraft.[130]

Club Europe is the short-haul business class on all short-haul flights, except within the UK. This allows for access to business lounges at most airports.[131][132] Since September 2009, Club Europe has seats in a 2–3 configuration on narrow-body aircraft.[11][133]

Mid-haul

From October 2012, British Airways launched a brand new mid-haul product on ex-British Midland routes with 7 ex-BMI A321s. These aircraft have been designated to serve 'midhaul' routes such as Almaty, Tbilisi, Baku, Amman, Beirut and Tel Aviv. The 'Club World' business class on these narrowbody aircraft is different to the product operated on the rest of BA's longhaul fleet - configured in a 1-2 configuration of 23 seats to allow for enough leg room and space for flat bed seats. In World Traveller, new seats were introduced. All seats are also fitted with the brand new Thales i5000 in-flight entertainment system.

Long-haul

First is the long-haul first class service on British Airways, offered only on Boeing 747 and some Boeing 777 aircraft. There are fourteen private "demi-cabins" per aircraft, each with a 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) bed, a 15-inch (38 cm) wide entertainment screen, and in-seat power. In 2009, British Airways announced a major upgrade and refresh of upgrades.[134][135]

Club World is the long-haul business class on Boeing 767, 777, 747, and Airbus A318 aircraft;[136][137] the cabin features fully flat beds. On 13 November 2006, British Airways launched Next Generation New Club World, featuring larger seats.[11]

World Traveller is the long-haul economy class offered on international flights to destinations outside Europe; offering seat-back entertainment and several complimentary drinks and meals.[128][138][139] AVOD is offered on all 747, long-haul 767s and all of the 777s.[140] World Traveller Plus is the premium economy offering provided on all long-haul aircraft,[128] which offers fewer seats per row, more seat comforts, and power sockets.[141]

Seating policies[]

Further information: Airline sex discrimination policy controversy

In March 2001, it was revealed that British Airways had a policy of not seating adult male passengers next to children who are sitting by themselves, even if a child's parents are elsewhere on the plane.[142] This led to accusations of sex discrimination, with the company eventually admitting the offence in 2010 during a case brought by Mirko Fischer.[143] The policy was dropped in August 2010 with the airline instead seating unaccompanied minors in a non discriminatory manner near the cabin crew.[144]

In 2001, British Airways introduced a ten-abreast economy class configuration on the Boeing 777, an aircraft designed primarily for nine-abreast seating.[145] This utilised specially built narrow seats and aisles, and was applied to two GE-engined 777-200ERs used predominantly on Caribbean routes, and occasionally to Florida.[146] These aircraft have since been converted back to 9-abreast.

Incidents and accidents[]

  • In November 1974, British Airways Flight 870 from Dubai to London Heathrow, operated by a Vickers VC10, was hijacked in Dubai, landing at Tripoli for refuelling before flying on to Tunis. One hostage was murdered before the hijackers eventually surrendered after 84 hours.[147] Captain Jim Futcher was awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal, the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators Founders Medal, the British Air Line Pilots Association Gold Medal and a Certificate of Commendation from British Airways for his actions during the hijacking, having returned to the aircraft to fly it knowing the hijackers were on board.[148]
  • On 10 September 1976, a Trident 3B on British Airways Flight 476, flying from London Heathrow to Istanbul collided in mid-air with an Inex Adria DC9-31 near Zagreb, Croatia, resulting in the 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision.[149] All 54 passengers and 9 crew members on the BA aircraft died. This is the only fatal accident to a British Airways aircraft since the company's formation in 1974.
  • On 24 June 1982, Flight 9, a Boeing 747–200, G-BDXH, City of Edinburgh flew through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust from the eruption of Mount Galunggung, causing extensive damage to the aircraft, including the failure of all four engines.[150] The crew managed to glide the plane out of the dust cloud and restart all four of its engines, although one later had to be shut down again. The volcanic ash caused the cockpit window to be scratched to such an extent that it was not possible for the pilots to see out of the plane. However, the aircraft made a successful emergency landing at Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport just outside Jakarta, Indonesia. There were no fatalities or injuries.[151]
  • On 10 June 1990, Flight 5390, a BAC One-Eleven flight between Birmingham and Málaga, suffered a windscreen blowout due to the fitting of incorrect bolts the previous day. The Captain suffered major injuries after being partially blown out of the aircraft, however the co-pilot landed the plane safely at Southampton Airport. The captain, Tim Lancaster, despite the physical trauma he suffered, fully recovered and five months later he returned to duty.[152]
  • On 2 August 1990, Flight 149 landed at Kuwait International Airport four hours after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, leading to the capture of the passengers and crew, and the destruction of the aircraft, a Boeing 747-100, registration G-AWND.[153][154]
File:BA38 Crash.jpg

The damaged British Airways Flight 38

  • On 17 January 2008, British Airways Flight 38, a Boeing 777-200ER G-YMMM, flying from Beijing to London, crash-landed approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) short of London Heathrow Airport's runway 27L, and slid onto the runway's threshold. This resulted in damage to the landing gear, the wing roots, and the engines, resulting in the first hull loss of a Boeing 777. There were no fatalities, but there was one serious and twelve minor injuries.

See also[]

  • Air transport in the United Kingdom
  • List of airports in the United Kingdom
  • Transport in the United Kingdom
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References[]

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Bibliography[]

  • British Airways (1974). British Airways annual report and accounts. British Airways Board. 
  • Campbell-Smith, Duncan (1986). The British Airways Story: Struggle for Take-Off. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-39495-1. 
  • Corke, Alison (1986). British Airways: the path to profitability. Pan. ISBN 0-330-29570-5. 
  • Gregory, Martyn (1996). Dirty tricks: British Airways' secret war against Virgin Atlantic. Warner. ISBN 0-7515-1063-7. 
  • Hayward, Keith (1983). Government and British civil aerospace: a case study in post-war technology policy. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-0877-8. 
  • Marriott, Leo (1998). British Airways. Plymouth Toy & Book. ISBN 1-882663-39-X. 
  • Penrose, Harald (1980). Wings Across the World: An Illustrated History of British Airways. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-30697-5. 

References[]


External links[]

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