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Bolliger & Mabillard

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Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc.
TypePrivate
IndustryRoller coaster design
Founded1988
Founder
  • Walter Bolliger
  • Claude Mabillard
Headquarters
Monthey
,
Switzerland
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Walter Bolliger
  • Claude Mabillard
Products
  • Stand-Up Coaster
  • Inverted Coaster
  • Sitting Coaster
  • Dive Coaster
  • Hyper Coaster
  • Floorless Coaster
  • Flying Coaster
  • Wing Coaster
  • Family Coaster
Number of employees
37 (2012)
WebsiteTemplate:Official Website

Bolliger & Mabillard, officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers, Inc. and often abbreviated B&M, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, both of whom had worked for Giovanola.[1]

B&M has pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted roller coaster[2][3] and the box-section track.[4] In 2016, the company completed its 100th roller coaster. B&M produces nine types of coaster models: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster.

History[]

Roots[]

Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard started working for Giovanola, a manufacturing company who supplied rides to Intamin, in the 1970s. During their time at Giovanola, they helped design the company's first stand-up roller coaster, Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain. They also worked on other projects, such as Z-Force at Six Flags Great America.[5] Bolliger & Mabillard left Giovanola, but the company continued to use their track design, so the company's roller coasters, Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Titan at Six Flags Over Texas, use a track style very similar to B&M's.[6][7]

File:Batman The Ride SFGA.jpg

An inverted model with the angled drop, common on inverted coasters, Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure

Launch[]

In 1987, Giovanola underwent a change of management; Bolliger & Mabillard decided to leave and founded their own company.[5] At the time, B&M employed four people, including two draftsmen: Bolliger and Mabillard. When B&M was created, the pair had agreed not to make any more amusement attractions.[8][9] However, Robert Mampe, Six Flags Great America's staff engineer, who had worked with both men during the construction of Z-Force, contacted the new company and asked it to reconfigure the cars for its Giovanola-built, Intamin bobsled coaster that was to be relocated from Six Flags Great Adventure.[10]

Following that project Mampe asked the new company to design and build a stand-up roller coaster for Six Flags Great America, similar to Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain.[10] B&M accepted the offer and hired two more draftsmen. But B&M had a problem regarding how and where to manufacture the track pieces for the roller coaster. With the impression of the work done by Clermont Steel Fabricators on Vortex at Kings Island and Shockwave Six Flags Great America, Walter Bolliger went to the steel plant and asked if they would be interested in manufacturing the track. Clermont Steel Fabricators accepted and currently manufactures all Bolliger and Mabillard roller coaster track pieces for all of North America.[4] Now with a company to manufacture the track, B&M built its first roller coaster, a stand-up roller coaster, Iron Wolf, which opened in 1990 at Six Flags Great America.[8][9] Two years later, Bolliger & Mabillard built another project for Six Flags Great America, Batman: The Ride, the world's first inverted roller coaster, which brought them to prominence in the industry.[11][12]

Development[]

Bolliger & Mabillard also invented the Floorless Coaster[13] and the Dive Coaster. The company also built its first launched roller coaster, the Incredible Hulk, which is at Islands of Adventure.[14] In 2010, B&M unveiled its new Wing Coaster and premiered the prototype model, named Raptor, at Gardaland in 2011.[15] It has two seats on each side on the car that hang riders over the sides of the track. As of 2019 there are fifteen in operation.[15] In 2015, B&M constructed Thunderbird at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, its first in-house launched coaster.[16]

By 2010, B&M employed twelve engineers, twelve draftsmen and two draftswomen.[8][9] The company has made other contributions to the roller coaster industry. The company built the trains for the Psyclone, a now-demolished wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. The trains were later used on the park's Colossus wooden roller coaster (until it was refurbished by Rocky Mountain Construction), but were only used during October each year. The trains faced backward and usually raced against trains on the second track, which ran forward.[17]

In 2013, the company launched the construction of Banshee, the world's longest inverted roller coaster.[18] B&M supplied new trains for Steel Dragon 2000, built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 2000.[19][20] As of 2012, Bolliger & Mabillard has 85 operating roller coasters worldwide.[2] Of these, twenty-two were listed among that year's Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards Top 50 Steel Coasters List for 2012 and five were in the top 10.

By 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard had completed their 100th coaster, and had built more roller coasters than any other manufacturer on the Golden Ticket Awards Steel Coasters list.[21]

Features[]

File:Raptor 05.JPG

Raptor's cobra roll, a first for inverted roller coasters

Bolliger & Mabillard currently manufactures nine different roller coaster styles: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster.[22][23] Bolliger & Mabillard has been involved in developing new technologies and concepts in roller coasters almost since its inception. It has often worked with engineer Werner Stengel and with designers and management of client theme parks.[24][25]

Lift hills[]

File:Pre-drop.jpg

Diagram comparing a standard lift hill and the B&M pre-drop lift hill.

Many Bolliger & Mabillard coasters feature an element known as a "pre-drop", a short drop after the top of the lift hill and before the start of the first drop, designed to reduce stress on the lift chain. The flat section between the pre-drop and the first drop serves as a shelf to support the weight of the train, reducing related stresses on the chain. On most coasters without a pre-drop, the weight of the train tends to pull on the lift chain as it begins its descent because the latter half of the train is still being lifted by the chain. Pre-drops have not been used on the company's Dive or Flying coasters, or on hyper coasters built after 1999.[26][27] OzIris at Parc Astérix was the first B&M inverted roller coaster that does not feature a pre-drop.[28] Ever since, no coaster built by B&M has featured a pre-drop[29][30] because the chain accelerates to acquire the same speed as the train when it is being taken over by gravity after it passes the crest .[31]

Trains[]

Most of Bolliger & Mabillard's roller coaster trains use four-abreast seating. Each car has one row of four seats, while the train length can vary between coasters. All of the company's coaster models, except the Dive Coaster and Wing Coaster use this configuration. The Dive Coaster uses six, eight or ten-abreast seating, with two or three rows of seats. For example, Griffon at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, uses ten seats in three rows, while Krake at Heide Park uses six-across seating in three rows.[32] On recent hyper coaster projects, B&M has used a new car design that has two rows of two seats; the two seats in the rear of the car pushed out from the centerline so that the four seats resemble a V formation. This formation has only been used on Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Intimidator and Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya at PortAventura Park, in the resort PortAventura World. In 2013, B&M introduced a new car design that has two rows of two seats, however, they are not in a V formation.[19][20]

All B&M hyper coasters use a type of restraint called a "T-bar" or "Clamshell" restraint, which consists of bar with a cushioned lap bar with two handles for riders to hold on to. This type of restraint generally does not use a seat belt, however seat belts have been added to Behemoth and Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback and Orion at Kings Island, and Intimidator and Fury 325 at Carowinds.[33] Bolliger & Mabillard also uses over-the-shoulder restraints, in that the restraint is placed over the riders' shoulders and sits and extends to the riders' laps. This type of restraint is used on Dive, Inverted, Sitting, Flying, Floorless, Stand-up and Wing Coasters.[34] Bolliger & Mabillard has recently begun using a vest like over the shoulder restraint, which reduces headbanging found on the older, more common padded over the shoulder restraints. These have been met with some criticism from the coaster community, due to the nature in which they tighten during the ride; stapling riders to their seats, resulting in less airtime (negative g-forces) being felt.

File:BandMTrack.jpg

CAD model of B&M's signature box-spined track

File:B&M brakes.png

B&M Friction Brakes Model

Track[]

A notable feature of Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters is the box-section track. The running rails are connected to a box-section spine, instead of the circular spine used by other manufacturers. When a train travels around a box-section track, it creates a distinctive roaring sound, which is unique to this style of track. However, on some Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters, such as Talon at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom and GateKeeper at Cedar Point, the track is filled with a proprietary sound dampening material to reduce this noise.[35]

Also, depending on the model of the roller coaster, the track size can vary. Models such as the Flying, Wing and Dive Coaster have heavier trains which require a larger track size while models with lighter trains, such as the Stand-Up and Hyper Coaster, do not and use a smaller sized track.[4]

Brakes[]

As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking systems: friction, magnetic, and water.

Friction brakes[]

When B&M was first founded, the linear magnetic eddy brake had yet to be developed, so it used friction brakes as its main braking system. On the train, pads are fitted on the vehicle chassis between the wheel assemblies. On the brakes, similar pads are connected to steel supports. When the pads on the train come into contact with the brakes, friction is created which slows the train.[36] Beginning with Kumba in 1993, friction brakes have also been used as trim brakes that regulate the speed of the train while it is still navigating the course.[37]

File:SheiKra (Busch Gardens Africa) 03.jpg

SheiKra's splashdown element

Magnetic brakes[]

Magnetic brakes provide smoother deceleration than friction brakes; most B&M roller coasters built after 2003 have at least one set of magnetic brakes. Magnetic brakes do not make contact with the train. Metal fins that run parallel to the train are fitted on the vehicle chassis between the wheel assemblies. As the fins pass through the brakes, the magnetic field created by the brakes slows the train. Magnetic brakes have also been used as an alternate type of trim brake on B&M roller coasters such as Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland.[38]

Water brakes[]

Water brakes were first introduced on SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2005.[39] Water brakes can only be used when a splashdown element, in which a body of water surrounds a section of track, is present within the layout of the roller coaster. When scoops on the last car of each train come in contact with the surrounding water, the train slows down and the water is sprayed several feet into the air behind it.[40]

List of roller coasters[]

See also: Category:Roller coasters manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard
File:Vortex (Carowinds) 02.JPG

Vortex at Carowinds, a Stand-up Coaster model

File:Leviathan Hammerhead Turn.jpg

Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model

File:Batman (Corkscrew) - Six Flags Great Adventure.JPG

Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure, an Inverted Coaster model

File:Rollercoaster dragon khan universal port aventura spain.jpg

Dragon Khan at PortAventura Park, a Sitting Coaster model

File:AltonTowers-Oblivion.JPG

Oblivion at Alton Towers, a Dive Coaster model

File:Hydra (Jo-Jo Roll).JPG

Hydra at Dorney Park, a Floorless Coaster model

File:900behe.jpg

Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model

File:SeaWorld Manta 1.JPG

Manta at SeaWorld Orlando, a Flying Coaster model

File:Raptor Gardaland 2011.jpg

Raptor at Gardaland, first Wing Coaster model

In North America, B&M coaster designs have been manufactured by Ohio company Clermont Steel Fabricators since 1990.[41][42][4] As of 2019, Bolliger & Mabillard has built 118 roller coasters around the world.[43] Some have either been relocated, renamed or closed.

Name Model Park Country Opened Status Ref
Batman: The Ride Inverted Coaster Six Flags Great America United States 
United States || 1992 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [12]
Vortex Stand-Up Coaster Carowinds United States 
United States || 1992 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [44]
Batman: The Ride Inverted Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure United States 
United States || 1993 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [45]
Flight Deck
Formerly Top Gun		 Inverted Coaster California's Great America United States 
United States || 1993 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [46]
Kumba Sitting Coaster Busch Gardens Tampa United States 
United States || 1993 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [47]
Batman: The Ride Inverted Coaster Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 
United States || 1994 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [48]
Diavlo Inverted Coaster Himeji Central Park Japan Japan 1994 Operating [49]
Nemesis Inverted Coaster Alton Towers United Kingdom United Kingdom 1994 Operating [50]
Raptor Inverted Coaster Cedar Point United States 
United States || 1994 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [51]
Batman: The Ride Inverted Coaster Six Flags St. Louis United States 
United States || 1995 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [52]
Dragon Khan Sitting Coaster PortAventura Park Spain Spain 1995 Operating [53]
Montu Inverted Coaster Busch Gardens Tampa United States 
United States || 1996 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [54]
Alpengeist Inverted Coaster Busch Gardens Williamsburg United States 
United States || 1997 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [55]
Batman: The Ride Inverted Coaster Six Flags Over Georgia United States 
United States || 1997 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [56]
Pyrenees Inverted Coaster Parque Espana-Shima Spain Village Japan Japan 1997 Operating [57]
Great White Inverted Coaster SeaWorld San Antonio United States 
United States || 1997 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [58]
Oblivion Dive Coaster Alton Towers United Kingdom United Kingdom 1998 Operating [59]
Great Bear Inverted Coaster Hersheypark United States 
United States || 1998 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [60]
The Riddler's Revenge Stand-Up Coaster Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 
United States || 1998 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [61]
Afterburn
Formerly Top Gun - The Jet Coaster		 Inverted Coaster Carowinds United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [62]
Medusa
Formerly Bizarro		 Floorless Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [63]
Incredible Hulk Sitting Coaster Universal Studios Islands of Adventure United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [64]
Dragon Challenge
Formerly Dueling Dragons		 Inverted Coaster Universal Studios Islands of Adventure United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background:#ff9090; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no" | Removed || [65]
Batman: The Ride Inverted Coaster Six Flags Over Texas United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [66]
Raging Bull Hyper Coaster Six Flags Great America United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [67]
Georgia Scorcher Stand-Up Coaster Six Flags Over Georgia United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [68]
Apollo's Chariot Hyper Coaster Busch Gardens Williamsburg United States 
United States || 1999 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [69]
Kraken Unleashed
Formerly Kraken		 Floorless Coaster SeaWorld Orlando United States 
United States || 2000 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [70]
Medusa Floorless Coaster Six Flags Discovery Kingdom United States 
United States || 2000 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [71]
Katun Inverted Coaster Mirabilandia Italy Italy 2000 Operating [72]
Superman: Krypton Coaster Floorless Coaster Six Flags Fiesta Texas United States 
United States || 2000 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [73]
Diving Machine G5 Dive Coaster Janfusun Fancyworld Taiwan Taiwan 2000 Operating [74]
Insane Speed Floorless Coaster Janfusun Fancyworld Taiwan Taiwan 2001 Operating [75]
Nitro Hyper Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure United States 
United States || 2001 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [76]
Talon Inverted Coaster Dorney Park United States 
United States || 2001 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [77]
Wildfire Sitting Coaster Silver Dollar City United States 
United States || 2001 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [78]
Galactica
Formerly Air		 Flying Coaster Alton Towers United Kingdom United Kingdom 2002 Operating [79]
Batman: The Dark Knight Floorless Coaster Six Flags New England United States 
United States || 2002 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [80]
Batman: Arkham Asylum
Formerly Batman: La Fuga		 Inverted Coaster Parque Warner Madrid Spain Spain 2002 Operating [81]
Silver Star Hyper Coaster Europa Park Germany Germany 2002 Operating [82]
Superman: La Atracción de Acero Floorless Coaster Parque Warner Madrid Spain Spain 2002 Operating [83]
Superman: Ultimate Flight Flying Coaster Six Flags Over Georgia United States 
United States || 2002 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [84]
Vampire Inverted Coaster La Ronde Canada Canada 2002 Operating [85]
Nemesis Inferno Inverted Coaster Thorpe Park United Kingdom United Kingdom 2003 Operating [86]
Scream Floorless Coaster Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 
United States || 2003 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [87]
Superman: Ultimate Flight Flying Coaster Six Flags Great America United States 
United States || 2003 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [88]
Superman: Ultimate Flight Flying Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure United States 
United States || 2003 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [89]
Dæmonen Floorless Coaster Tivoli Gardens Denmark Denmark 2004 Operating [90]
Lightning Inverted Coaster Kuwait Entertainment City Kuwait Kuwait 2004 Removed [91]
Silver Bullet Inverted Coaster Knott's Berry Farm United States 
United States || 2004 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [92]
Hydra the Revenge Floorless Coaster Dorney Park United States 
United States || 2005 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [93]
SheiKra Dive Coaster Busch Gardens Tampa United States 
United States || 2005 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [94]
Black Mamba Inverted Coaster Phantasialand Germany Germany 2006 Operating [95]
Crystal Wing Flying Coaster Happy Valley Beijing China China 2006 Operating [96]
Goliath Hyper Coaster La Ronde Canada Canada 2006 Operating [97]
Goliath Hyper Coaster Six Flags Over Georgia United States 
United States || 2006 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [98]
Patriot Inverted Coaster Worlds of Fun United States 
United States || 2006 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [99]
Tatsu Flying Coaster Six Flags Magic Mountain United States 
United States || 2006 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [100]
Griffon Dive Coaster Busch Gardens Williamsburg United States 
United States || 2007 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [101]
Hollywood Dream: The Ride Hyper Coaster Universal Studios Japan Japan Japan 2007 Operating [102]
Phaethon Inverted Coaster Gyeongju World South Korea South Korea 2007 Operating [103]
Behemoth Hyper Coaster Canada's Wonderland Canada Canada 2008 Operating [104]
Dive Coaster Dive Coaster Chimelong Paradise China China 2008 Operating [105]
Dominator
Formerly Batman: Knight Flight		 Floorless Coaster Kings Dominion
Geauga Lake		 United States 
United States || 2008
2000 to 2007 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [106]
[107]
Goliath
Formerly Batman: The Ride
Formerly Gambit		 Inverted Coaster Six Flags Fiesta Texas
Six Flags New Orleans
Thrill Valley		 United States 
United States || 2008
2003 to 2005
1995 to 2002 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [108]
[109]
[110]
Diamondback Hyper Coaster Kings Island United States 
United States || 2009 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [111]
Diving Coaster Dive Coaster Happy Valley Shanghai China China 2009 Operating [112]
Manta Flying Coaster SeaWorld Orlando United States 
United States || 2009 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [113]
Monster
Formerly Orochi		 Inverted Coaster Walygator Parc
Expoland		 France 
France || 2010
1996 to 2007 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [114]
[115]
Intimidator Hyper Coaster Carowinds United States 
United States || 2010 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [116]
Green Lantern
Formerly Chang		 Stand-Up Coaster Six Flags Great Adventure
Kentucky Kingdom		 United States 
United States || 2011
1997 to 2009 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [117]
[118]
Hair Raiser Floorless Coaster Ocean Park Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong 2011 Operating [119]
Krake Dive Coaster Heide Park Germany Germany 2011 Operating [120]
Raptor Wing Coaster Gardaland Italy Italy 2011 Operating [121]
Starry Sky Ripper
Formerly Sky Scrapper		 Flying Coaster Joyland China China 2011 Operating [122]
Leviathan Hyper Coaster Canada's Wonderland Canada Canada 2012 Operating [123]
OzIris Inverted Coaster Parc Astérix France 
France || 2012 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [124]
Shambhala Hyper Coaster PortAventura Park Spain Spain 2012 Operating [125]
Swarm Wing Coaster Thorpe Park United Kingdom United Kingdom 2012 Operating [126]
Wild Eagle Wing Coaster Dollywood United States 
United States || 2012 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [127]
X-Flight Wing Coaster Six Flags Great America United States 
United States || 2012 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [128]
GateKeeper Wing Coaster Cedar Point United States 
United States || 2013 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [129]
Nitro Floorless Coaster Adlabs Imagica India India 2013 Operating [130]
Banshee Inverted Coaster Kings Island United States 
United States || 2014 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [131]
Parrot Coaster
Formerly Flying over the Rainforest		 Wing Coaster Chimelong Ocean Kingdom China China 2014 Operating [132]
Flug der Dämonen Wing Coaster Heide Park Germany Germany 2014 Operating [133]
Family Inverted Coaster Family Inverted Coaster Happy Valley Shanghai China China 2014 Operating [134]
Harpy Flying Coaster Xishuangbanna Sunac Land China China 2015 SBNO [135]
Rougarou
Formerly Mantis
 Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster
 Cedar Point United States 
United States || 2015
1996 to 2014
 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [136]
Acrobat Flying Coaster Nagashima Spa Land Japan Japan 2015 Operating [137]
Thunderbird Wing Coaster Holiday World United States 
United States || 2015 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [138]
Oblivion: The Black Hole Dive Coaster Gardaland Italy Italy 2015 Operating [139]
Baron 1898 Dive Coaster Efteling Netherlands Netherlands 2015 Operating [140]
Fury 325 Hyper Coaster Carowinds United States 
United States || 2015 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [141]
Mako Hyper Coaster SeaWorld Orlando United States 
United States || 2016 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [142]
The Flying Dinosaur Flying Coaster Universal Studios Japan Japan Japan 2016 Operating [143]
Valravn Dive Coaster Cedar Point United States 
United States ||2016|| style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [144]
Dragon's Run
Formerly Time Machine
Formerly Led Zeppelin - The Ride		 Sitting Coaster Dragon Park Ha Long
Freestyle Music Park
Hard Rock Park		 Vietnam Vietnam 2017
2009
2008		 Operating [145]
[146]
Patriot
Formerly Vortex
 Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster		 California's Great America United States 
United States || 2017
1991 to 2016
 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [147]
Flying Wing Coaster Wing Coaster Happy Valley Chongqing China China 2017 Operating [148]
Draken Dive Coaster Gyeongju World South Korea South Korea 2018 Operating [149]
Western Regions Heaven Dive Coaster Happy Valley Chengdu China China 2018 Operating [150]
Valkyria Dive Coaster Liseberg Sweden Sweden 2018 Operating [151]
Family Inverted Coaster Family Inverted Coaster Happy Valley Beijing China China 2018 Operating [152]
Wing Coaster Wing Coaster Colourful Yunnan Happy World China China 2018 Operating [153]
Fēnix Wing Coaster Toverland Netherlands Netherlands 2018 Operating [154]
Heaven's Wing Wing Coaster HB World China China 2018 Operating [155]
Yukon Striker Dive Coaster Canada's Wonderland Canada Canada 2019 Operating [156]
Firebird
Formerly Apocalypse
Formerly Iron Wolf
 Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster		 Six Flags America
Six Flags Great America		 United States 
United States || 2019
2012 to 2018
1990 to 2011
 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [157]
[158]
Unknown Wing Coaster Hot Go Dreamworld China China Unknown SBNO [159]
Unknown Hyper Coaster Hot Go Dreamworld China China Unknown SBNO [160]
Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller Coaster Hyper Coaster Happy Valley Beijing China China 2019 Operating [161]
Falcon Wing Coaster Wuxi Sunac Land China China 2019 Operating [162]
Forest Predator Wing Coaster Happy Valley Nanjing China China 2020 Operating [163]
Candymonium Hyper Coaster Hersheypark United States 
United States || 2020 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [164]
Orion Hyper Coaster Kings Island United States 
United States || 2020 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [165]
Monster Inverted Coaster Gröna Lund Sweden Sweden 2021 Operating [166]
Decepticoaster Sitting Coaster Universal Studios Beijing China China 2021 Operating [167]
Emperor Dive Coaster SeaWorld San Diego United States 
United States || 2022 || style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-yes"|Operating || [168]
Dr. Diabolical’s Cliffhanger Dive Coaster Six Flags Fiesta Texas United States 
United States || 2022 || style="background:#ff9090; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-no" | Under construction || [169]
Unknown Wing Coaster Fantasy Valley China China 2022 Under construction [170]

References[]

  1. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard". RCDB. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007. {{cite web}}:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Bolliger & Mabillard". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  3. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard – Inverted Coaster". Retrieved October 13, 2021. {{cite web}}:
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Scott & Carol Present: Getting On Track With B&M". NewsPlusNotes. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The Significance of Bolliger & Mabillard". Coaster-net.com. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  6. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Titan  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  7. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 PointBuzz (June 7, 2010). "Cedar Point Video – Walter Bolliger at CoasterMania! 2010 (Part 1 / 2)". YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 PointBuzz (June 7, 2010). "Cedar Point Video – Walter Bolliger at CoasterMania! 2010 (Part 2 / 2)". YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Davidson, Mark (2005). "A Revolution on Rails: The Bolliger & Mabillard Story (Part I)". RollerCoaster! (Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Coaster Enthusiasts) 27 (1): 31–46. ISSN 0896-7261. 
  11. ↑ US patent 5272984, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Amusement ride of the roller coaster type", issued December 28, 1993, assigned to Le, Mark T. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  13. ↑ US patent 6352034, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Installation for amusement park, installation referred to as roller coaster", issued March 5, 2002, assigned to Morano, Joseph 
  14. ↑ "Yes, Bolliger & Mabillard is Building the New Hulk Coaster at Universal Orlando". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved July 7, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 MacDonald, Brady (April 11, 2012). "X-Flight wing coaster premieres at Six Flags Great America in May". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/11/news/la-trb-xflight-six-flags-great-america-04201211. 
  16. ↑ McCleery, Bill (July 24, 2014). "Holiday World takes flight with $22M Thunderbird wing coaster". Indianapolis Star. http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2014/07/24/rumors-explode-holiday-world-mystery-ride/13087023/. 
  17. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Psyclone  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  18. ↑ "NewsParcs - Bolliger & Mabillard to supply world's longest inverted roller coaster at Kings Island in 2014". NewsParcs. Retrieved July 7, 2019. {{cite web}}:
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 ""Steel Dragon 2000 new" is finally here! Debut on March 15, 2013 (Friday)!". Nagashima Spa Land. March 13, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013. {{cite web}}:
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Steel Dragon 2000 Adds B&M Trains". VHCoasters.com. March 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013. {{cite web}}:
  21. ↑ "Amusement Today — Golden Ticket Winners 2012" (PDF). Amusement Today. http://www.goldenticketawards.com/pdfs/at_goldenticket_2012_web.pdf. Retrieved September 10, 2012. 
  22. ↑ "Family Coaster". Bolliger & Mabillard. Retrieved November 20, 2014. {{cite web}}:
  23. ↑ 2012 B&M product catalog.
  24. ↑ "Ing.-Büro Stengel GmbH". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  25. ↑ "IAAPA 2011 Trade Show Part 4 Theme Park Review Fishpipe Water Ride B&M Zamperla". Theme Park Review. YouTube. November 16, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  26. ↑ "Dive Machine". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  27. ↑ "Flying Coaster". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  28. ↑ "OzIris". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  29. ↑ "Nitro - Adlabs Imagica". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved March 25, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  30. ↑ "Banshee - Kings Island". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved March 25, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  31. ↑ "Why no pre-drops on B&M's anymore?". Themeparkreview Forum. Retrieved March 25, 2017. {{cite web}}:
  32. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard 2011". Parkthoughts.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  33. ↑ US patent 6287211, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Installation for amusement park", issued September 11, 2001, assigned to Nguyen, Kien T. 
  34. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard Products". Bolliger & Mabillard. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  35. ↑ Baldwin, Tim (June 2013). "Cedar Point’s new GateKeeper gives entrance a complete makeover". Amusement Today 17 (3): 16. http://amusementtoday.com/backissues/at_june_2013_web.pdf. Retrieved November 2, 2018. 
  36. ↑ "Batman – The Dark Knight". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  37. ↑ "Behemoth". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  38. ↑ "Leviathan Construction Tour 2012-01-23 (Part 2)". cwcoasterboy (YouTube). January 23, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  39. ↑ "Splashdown". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved August 7, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  40. ↑ US patent 7430966, Mabillard, Claude & Bolliger, Walter, "Brake, vehicle and roller coaster circuit", issued October 7, 2008, assigned to Morano, Joseph 
  41. ↑ "Typical Clermont Steel Fabrications". Clermont Steel Fabrications. Retrieved June 12, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  42. ↑ "Diamondback built in Clermont". Loveland Magazine. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2012. {{cite web}}:
  43. ↑ Bolliger & Mabillard - rcdb.com
  44. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vortex  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  45. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  46. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flight Deck  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  47. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Kumba  (Bush Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  48. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  49. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diavlo  (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  50. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nemesis  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  51. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  52. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  53. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Khan  (PortAventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  54. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Montu  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  55. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist  (Bush Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  56. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  57. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Pyrenees  (Parque Espana)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  58. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Great White  (SeaWorld San Antonio)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  59. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Oblivion  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  60. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Great Bear  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  61. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Riddler's Revenge  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  62. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Afterburn  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  63. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  64. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Incredible Hulk  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  65. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Challenge  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  66. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  67. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  68. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Georgia Scorcher  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  69. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  70. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Kraken Unleashed  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  71. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  72. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Katun  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  73. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Krypton Coaster  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  74. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diving Machine G5  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  75. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Insane Speed  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  76. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  77. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Talon  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  78. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wildfire  (Silver Dollar City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  79. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Air  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  80. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman – The Dark Knight  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  81. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: Arkham Asylum  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  82. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  83. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: La Atracción de Acero  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  84. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  85. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  86. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nemesis Inferno  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  87. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Scream  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  88. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  89. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman:Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  90. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dæmonen  (Tivoli Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  91. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Lightning  (Kuwait Entertainment City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  92. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  93. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hydra the Revenge  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  94. ↑ Marden, Duane. "SheiKra  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  95. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Black Mamba  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  96. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Crystal Wing  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  97. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  98. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  99. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  100. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Tatsu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  101. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Griffon  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  102. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hollywood Dream: The Ride  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  103. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Phaethon  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  104. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  105. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dive Coaster  (Chimelong Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  106. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  107. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  108. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  109. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  110. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Gambit  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  111. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  112. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  113. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Manta  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  114. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Walygator Parc)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  115. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Orochi  (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  116. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Intimidator  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  117. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  118. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Chang  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  119. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hair Raiser  (Ocean Park Hong Kong)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  120. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Krake  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  121. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  122. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Starry Sky Ripper  (Joyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  123. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  124. ↑ Marden, Duane. "OzIris  (Parc Astérix)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  125. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAdventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  126. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Swarm  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  127. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle  (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  128. ↑ Marden, Duane. "X-Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  129. ↑ Marden, Duane. "GateKeeper  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  130. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Adlabs Imagica)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  131. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Banshee  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  132. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Parrot Coaster  (Ocean Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  133. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flug der Dämonen  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  134. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  135. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Harpy  (Xishuangbanna Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  136. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Rougarou  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  137. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Acrobat  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  138. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Thunderbird  (Holiday World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  139. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Oblivion The Black Hole  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  140. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Baron 1898  (Efteling)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  141. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  142. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  143. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Flying Dinosaur  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  144. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Valravn  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  145. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon's Run  (Dragon Park Ha Long)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  146. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Time Machine  (Freestyle Music Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  147. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  148. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flying Wing Coaster  (Happy Valley Chongqing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  149. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Draken  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  150. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Western Regions Heaven  (Happy Valley Chengdu)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  151. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Valkyria  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  152. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  153. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wing Coaster  (Colourful Yunnan Happy World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  154. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fēnix  (Toverland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  155. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Heaven's Wing  (HB World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  156. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Yukon Striker  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  157. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Firebird  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  158. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Iron Wolf  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  159. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  160. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  161. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flight of the Himalayan Eagle Music Roller Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  162. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Falcon  (Wuxi Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  163. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Forest Predator  (Happy Valley Nanjing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  164. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  165. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Orion  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  166. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  167. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Universal Studios Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  168. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld San Diego)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  169. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dr. Diabolical's Cliffhanger  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:
  170. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Fantasy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. {{cite web}}:

External links[]

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