Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki

We're looking to revitalize this wiki! For more information, click here.

READ MORE

Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Ultimate Pop Culture Wiki
Advertisement
Register
in: Pages with TemplateStyles errors, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters,
and 20 more

2020 Summer Olympics

Sign in to edit
"2020 Olympics", "Tokyo 2020", and "2021 Olympics" redirect here. For the Winter Youth Olympics in Lausanne, Switzerland, see 2020 Winter Youth Olympics. For the Summer Paralympics, see 2020 Summer Paralympics.
"Japan 2020" and "Japan 2021" redirect here. For the events in 2020 in Japan, see 2020 in Japan. For the events in 2021 in Japan, see 2021 in Japan.

Games of the XXXII Olympiad
2020 Olympics
Emblem of the event[n 1]
Host cityTokyo, Japan
MottoUnited by Emotion[n 2]
Nations206 (including EOR and ROC teams)
Athletes11,420[2]
Events339 in 33 sports (50 disciplines)
Opening23 July 2021
Closing8 August 2021
Opened by
Emperor Naruhito
Cauldron
Naomi Osaka
StadiumJapan National Stadium (known as Olympic Stadium during Games)
Summer
Winter
← PyeongChang 2018
Beijing 2022 →
2020 Summer Paralympics

Page Template:Hlist/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").Page Template:Multi-sport event sidebar/styles.css has no content.Invalid title for TemplateStyles' src attribute.

Template:Multi-sport event sidebar/Preset/Summer Olympics
Part of a series on
2020 Summer Olympics
  • Bid process (bid details)
  • Development (venues, torch relay)
  • Marketing (mascots, pictograms)
  • Broadcasters
  • Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
  • Event calendar
  • Chronological summary
  • Medal table (medallists)
  • Controversies (Russian doping scandal, withdrawals, COVID-19 cases, withdrawals)
  • World and Olympic records
  • Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
  • Paralympics (medal table)
Page Template:Hlist/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").Page Module:Navbar/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "CSS").

The 2020 Summer Olympics[3], officially the Games of the XXXII Olympiad[4] and also known as Tokyo 2020[5], was an international multi-sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, with some preliminary events that began on 21 July 2021. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013.[6]

Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the event was postponed to 2021 on 24 March 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the first such instance in the history of the Olympic Games (previous games had been cancelled but not rescheduled).[7] However, the event retained the Tokyo 2020 branding for marketing purposes.[8] It was largely held behind closed doors with no public spectators permitted due to the declaration of a state of emergency in the Greater Tokyo Area in response to the pandemic, the first and only Olympic Games to be held without official spectators.[n 3] The Games were the most expensive ever, with total spending of over $20 billion.[10]

The Games were the fourth Olympic Games to be held in Japan, following the 1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo), 1972 Winter Olympics (Sapporo), and 1998 Winter Olympics (Nagano). Tokyo became the first city in Asia to hold the Summer Olympic Games twice.[n 4] The 2020 Games were the second of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. Due to the one-year postponement, Tokyo 2020 was the first and only Olympic Games to have been held in an odd-numbered year[12] and the first Summer Olympics since 1900 to be held in a non-leap year.

New events were introduced in existing sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and mixed gender team events in a number of existing sports, as well as the return of madison cycling for men and an introduction of the same event for women. New IOC policies also allowed the host organizing committee to add new sports to the Olympic program for just one Games. The disciplines added by the Japanese Olympic Committee were baseball and softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding, the last four of which made their Olympic debuts, and the last three of which will remain on the Olympic program.[13]

United States topped the medal count by both total gold39) and total medals (113), with China finishing second by both respects (38 and 89). Host nation Japan finished third, setting a record for the most gold medals and total medals ever won by their delegation at an Olympic Games with 27 and 58. Great Britain finished fourth, with a total of 22 gold and 64 medals. The Russian delegation competing as the ROC finished fifth with 20 gold medals and third in the overall medal count, with 71 medals. Bermuda, the Philippines and Qatar won their first-ever Olympic gold medals.[14][15][16] Burkina Faso, San Marino and Turkmenistan also won their first-ever Olympic medals.[17][18][19]

Bidding process[]

Main article: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics

The three candidate cities were Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid. The applicant cities of Baku and Doha were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn.[20]

Host city selection[]

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, using an exhaustive ballot system.[20] None of the candidate cities won more than 50% of the votes in the first round; Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place, so a runoff vote was held to determine which of the two cities would be eliminated. The final vote was a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul. Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, gaining at least the 49 votes required for a majority.[20]

Template:2020 Olympic host city election

Development and preparation[]

See also: Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games
File:Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games- Monument of Olympic Rings.jpg

The Olympic rings on display at Tokyo Bay to promote the Games

The Tokyo Organizing Committee was originally headed by former Japanese prime minister Yoshirō Mori,[21] but he resigned in February 2021 due to backlash from sexist comments about women in meetings.[22][23][24] Seiko Hashimoto was chosen to succeed him. Tamayo Marukawa, Minister for the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, was responsible for overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government.[24]

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government set aside a fund of ¥400 billion (more than US$3.67 billion) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government was considering easing airspace restrictions to allow an increased slot capacity at both Haneda and Narita airports. A new railway line was planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station, cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; funded primarily by private investors, the line would cost ¥400 billion. The East Japan Railway Company (JR East) was also planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport.[25]

There were plans to fund the accelerated completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway, and Ken-Ō Expressway, and the refurbishment of other major expressways in the area.[26] The Yurikamome automated transit line was also to be extended from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station, passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the line was not expected to have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own.[27]

In April 2018, the Tokyo Organizing Committee signed a partnership with the International Labour Organization to ensure decent work in the preparation of and during the 2020 Olympic Games.[28]

In June 2020, the chief executive of the Organizing Committee, Toshirō Mutō, stated that the committee was exploring options for streamlining the Games to achieve cost savings.[29] On 25 September, the IOC and Tokyo Organizing Committee agreed to a suite of measures to simplify the Games' logistics, including a cut to non-athlete staff, use of online meetings, and streamlined transport, among others. The committee also outlined areas it would be exploring in order to maintain the health and safety of all participants.[30]

Venues and infrastructure[]

File:New national stadium tokyo 1.jpg

The newly built Japan National Stadium in Tokyo was the venue for the ceremonies and the athletics events.

Main article: Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics

In February 2012, it was announced that Tokyo's former National Stadium, the central venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics, would undergo a ¥100 billion renovation for the 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Summer Olympics.[31] In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that it was taking bids for proposed stadium designs. Of the 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the project, which would replace the old stadium with a new 80,000-seat stadium. There was criticism of the Zaha Hadid design—which was compared to a bicycle helmet and regarded as clashing with the surrounding Meiji Shrine—and widespread disapproval of the costs, even with attempts to revise and "optimize" the design.[32]

In June 2015, the government announced plans to reduce the new stadium's permanent capacity to 65,000 in its athletics configuration (although with the option to add up to 15,000 temporary seats for football) as a further cost-saving measure.[33][34] The original plan to build a retractable roof was also abandoned.[35] At the end of 2015, as a result of public opposition to the increasing costs of the new stadium (which had reached ¥252 billion), the government chose to reject Zaha Hadid's design entirely and selected a new design by Japanese architect Kengo Kuma. Inspired by traditional temples and with a lower profile, Kuma's design had a budget of ¥149 billion. The changes meant the new stadium could not be completed in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as originally intended.[36] The National Stadium, which was inaugurated on 21 December 2019, was named the Olympic Stadium for the duration of the Tokyo Games.[37]

In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the Olympic venues could exceed US$25 billion.[38]

Of the 33 competition venues in Tokyo, 28 were within 8 kilometers (5 miles) of the Olympic Village, with eleven new venues to be constructed.[39] On 16 October 2019, the IOC announced that there were plans to re-locate the marathon and racewalking events to Sapporo for heat concerns.[40] The plans were made official on 1 November 2019 after Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike accepted the IOC's decision, despite her belief that the events should have remained in Tokyo.[41]

In general, as urban studies scholar Faure notes, "The Tokyo 2020–2021 Games had a relatively moderate impact on the city, compared to previous cases such as Rio and Sochi, or cases in which a major Olympic park was built in Barcelona in 1992, and in Beijing in 2008. The transport infrastructure has been marginally improved by facilitating access for people with mobility constraints and improving signage in other languages. Haneda Airport has been expanded, and a hydrogen-powered bus rapid transit system has been introduced. Several sports and event facilities were built, including the new Olympic Stadium. Finally, the Olympic Village has been built on the Harumi landfill."[42]

Security[]

File:Tokyo 2020 Olympics in Ariake, police watching on top of industrial building in front of tennis center court.jpg

Police patrolling and watching from a rooftop near the tennis venue

In December 2018, the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. A similar ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which Japan also hosted.[43] In January 2020, counterterrorism drills began in different parts where the Games would take place, after intelligence data showed that terrorist groups could have carried out an attack seeking worldwide attention.[44] In July 2021, prior to the start of the Games, the Japan Coast Guard conducted counterterrorism drills in the Tokyo Bay. The drill consisted of two inflatable boats trying to stop a suspicious ship from getting to shore.[45]

Volunteers[]

Applications for volunteering at the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted beginning on 26 September 2018. By 18 January 2019, a total of 204,680 applications had been received by the Tokyo Organizing Committee.[46] Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019, with training scheduled to take place in October 2019.[47] The volunteers at the venues were to be known as "Field Cast", and the volunteers in the city were to be known as "City Cast". These names were chosen from a shortlist of four from an original 150 pairs of names; the other three shortlisted names were "Shining Blue" and "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" and "City Anchor", and "Games Force" and "City Force". The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games.[48]

As of early June 2021, approximately 10,000 out of the 80,000 registered volunteers resigned from the Games. Media attributed the rise in pandemic cases as the reason for massive quitting.[49] More volunteer assignments were expected to be cancelled due to the spectator ban.[50]

Medals[]

Further information: Olympic medal
File:Mykhailo Romanchuk on the podium at Tokyo 2020.jpg

Due to COVID-19 protocols, the medals were presented to the athletes on a tray and each athlete was asked to put on their own medal, rather than have it placed around their neck by a dignitary.[51]

In February 2017, the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an electronics recycling program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and NTT Docomo, soliciting donations of electronics such as mobile phones to be reclaimed as materials for the medals. Aiming to collect eight tonnes of metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT Docomo retail shops in April 2017.[52][53] A design competition for the medals was launched in December of that year.[54]

In May 2018, the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2,700 kilograms of bronze but were struggling to obtain the required amount of silver; although bronze and silver medals purely utilize their respective materials, IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize silver as a base.[55] The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018, with the remainder estimated to have been completed by March 2019.[56]

On 24 July 2019 (one year ahead of the originally scheduled opening ceremony), the designs of the medals were unveiled.[57][58] The medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games were designed by Junichi Kawanishi following a nationwide competition.[59] A new feature shared with the Paralympic medals is that the ribbons contain one, two, or three silicone convex lines to distinguish gold, silver, and bronze medals, respectively.[58]

Torch relay[]

Main article: 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay

The slogan of the 2020 Summer Olympics torch relay was "Hope Lights Our Way".[60][61]

As determined by a 2009 IOC ruling that banned international torch relays for any future Olympic Games,[62] the 2020 Summer Olympics torch was scheduled to only visit the two countries of Greece and the host nation Japan. The first phase of the relay began on 12 March 2020, with the traditional flame lighting ceremony at the Temple of Hera in Olympia, Greece. The torch then travelled to Athens, where the Greek leg of the relay culminated in a handover ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium on 19 March, during which the torch was transferred to the Japanese contingent.[60] The flame was placed inside a special lantern and transported from Athens International Airport on a chartered flight to Higashimatsushima in Japan. The torch was then expected to begin the second phase of its journey on 20 March, as it traveled for one week around the three most affected areas of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami—Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima—where it would go on display under the heading "Flame of Recovery". After leaving Naraha on 26 March, the torch would commence its main relay around Japan, incorporating all 47 prefectural capitals.[61]

After the decision to postpone the Games was made, the torch was placed again in a special lantern on display in the city of Fukushima for a month. After that, the lantern was transferred to the Tokyo prefecture, where it was kept safe until the restart of the relay in 2021.[63] On 23 July 2020 (one year ahead of the rescheduled opening ceremony), a promotional video was released featuring Japanese swimmer Rikako Ikee carrying the lantern inside Japan National Stadium, drawing comparisons between emergence from the pandemic and her own return to sport after being diagnosed with leukemia.[64] On 20 August 2020, it was announced that the torch relay would begin again in Naraha, Fukushima on 25 March 2021, nearly a year later than originally planned.[63][65]

The final course of the relay was altered due to concerns regarding public health concerns about gatherings along the route (e.g., the Miyakojima leg was canceled), and the relay was held without spectators due to states of emergency in some regions (e.g., Matsuyama, Hiroshima, Hyōgo, and Okayama).[66] The relay ended at Tokyo's National Stadium (Olympic Stadium) on 23 July, with tennis player Naomi Osaka lighting the Olympic cauldron at the finale of the opening ceremony.[67] The cauldron lit in the Olympic Stadium was only used during the Opening and Closing ceremonies: a separate cauldron was lit on the Tokyo waterfront for public view at the Yume no ohashi bridge in Odaiba, making it only the second time in olympic history where the cauldron was not displayed in the athletics stadium, the other time being in 2016.[68]

Biosecurity protocols[]

File:Tokyo 2020 Olympics in Ariake, tennis center court entrance 2.jpg

Temperature check and COVID-19 countermeasures at the tennis venue

In February 2021, the IOC began releasing "playbooks" containing details on planned COVID-19 biosecurity protocols for athletes, officials, the press, and other staff, including standard protocols such as practicing social distancing, hygiene, the wearing of face masks (outside of training and competition for athletes), and being restricted from visiting bars, restaurants, shops, and other tourist areas around Greater Tokyo Area, or using public transport unless otherwise permitted. Participants would be asked to use Japan's COCOA Exposure Notification app and would be tested at least every four days. Athletes who tested positive would be unable to compete and could be quarantined at a government facility (although leeway would be given in the event of false positives). Close contacts would also need to test negative in order to be cleared for competition. Athletes would be discouraged from "excessive" celebrations because the actions could spread infected droplets.[69][70][71] The playbooks were criticized in a paper published by The New England Journal of Medicine in May 2021, for lacking "scientifically rigorous risk assessment" and failing to "distinguish the various levels of risk faced by athletes". The playbook stated that the athletes were required to arrive up to five days prior to the start of the competition and to leave within 48 hours of being eliminated from their sport or the conclusion of the competitions.[72][73]

The IOC recommended the vaccination of athletes against COVID-19 if vaccines were available to them, but this was not a prerequisite for participation and the IOC advised against athletes "jumping the queue" in order to obtain priority over essential populations.[74] On 12 March 2021, Thomas Bach announced that in nations where they were approved for use, the Chinese Olympic Committee had offered to cover the costs of the Chinese CoronaVac and the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine for athletes competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics, and would purchase two doses for their nation's general public for each vaccinated athlete.[75] On 6 May 2021, Pfizer announced that it would donate doses of its vaccine to NOCs competing in Tokyo.[76]

Approximately 93,000 athletes and officials were exempt from the quarantine rules upon arriving in Japan, provided that they remained in areas separated from the local population. With around 300,000 local staff and volunteers entering and exiting these bubbles, and 20,000 vaccine doses allocated for this group, this led to concerns of COVID-19 spreading both during the Games and when teams returned to their countries.[77][78]

Due to international travel restrictions, the organizing committee announced in March 2021 that no international guests (including spectators, and friends and family members of the athletes) would be allowed to attend the Games. As per existing guidance for spectator sports in Japan, spectators would be asked to refrain from cheering or shouting.[71] On 19 June 2021, Governor Koike announced that plans for public viewing events for the Games had been scrapped, in order to use the planned venues (such as Yoyogi Park) as mass vaccination sites instead.[79] On 21 June, it was announced that all venues would be capped at a maximum of 10,000 ticketed spectators or 50% capacity, whichever was lower.[80]

On 2 July 2021, the new TOCOG president Seiko Hashimoto warned that there was still a possibility of the Games being held behind closed doors because of rising COVID-19 cases in the country.[81][82] Japan's slow vaccination rate had been of particular concern.[83][84] A simulation run by the University of Tokyo in May 2021 projected that a new wave of infections could peak in mid-October if the Games went on after the existing state of emergency in Tokyo had expired.[85][86]

On 8 July 2021, after Tokyo had recorded 920 new COVID-19 cases (its highest increase since May), Prime Minister Suga declared a new state of emergency in the Tokyo area from 12 July through 22 August (ending only two days before the Paralympics' opening ceremony), and announced that all events at venues in the area would therefore be held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Hashimoto stated that "it is extremely regrettable that the Games will be staged in a very limited manner in the face of the spread of novel coronavirus infections." IOC President Thomas Bach stated that "we will support any measure which is necessary to have a safe and secure Olympic and Paralympic Games for the Japanese people and all the participants."[83][84][87]

The announcement stated that spectators would still be allowed at events being held outside of Tokyo, subject to the approval by local health authorities and the aforementioned 50%/10,000-spectator limit. The prefectures of Fukushima, Hokkaido and Ibaraki announced that they would prohibit spectators at events held in the areas.[88] The opening ceremony was expected to be limited to fewer than 1,000 VIP guests, including IOC representatives and dignitaries,[89] while some events did allow members of other competing delegations to occupy spectator seats as well.[90] School students were invited to watch football matches in Ibaraki.[91][92]

On 16 July, it was reported that Bach had asked Prime Minister Suga about the possibility that restrictions on spectators could be eased later on if COVID-19 conditions were to improve in Tokyo.[89] However, on 2 August, Suga announced that all existing state of emergency declarations would be extended through 31 August, and be extended to Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama, and parts of Osaka.[93]

Ticketing[]

The opening ceremony tickets were expected to range from ¥12,000 to ¥300,000, with a maximum price of ¥130,000 for the finals of the athletics track and field events.[94] The average ticket price was ¥7,700, with half the tickets being sold for up to ¥8,000. A symbolic ticket price of ¥2,020 was expected for families, groups resident in Japan, and in conjunction with a school program.[94] Tickets would be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the internet.[95] International guests, had they been allowed, would have needed to visit Japan during the sales period, or arrange to buy tickets through a third party such as a travel agent.[96]

Tickets went on general sale in Japan in the autumn of 2019 and were expected to be sold globally from June 2020; however, this plan was suspended when the Games were postponed on 24 March 2020. The Tokyo Organizing Committee confirmed that tickets already purchased would remain valid for the same sessions according to the new schedule and that refunds were also being offered.[97]

On 20 March 2021, it was announced that due to COVID-19-related concerns, no international guests would be allowed to attend the 2020 Olympics or Paralympics. This included both spectators, as well as the friends and family of athletes. All overseas ticketholders would be refunded.[71] Hashimoto cited uncertainties surrounding international travel restrictions, and goals to preserve the safety of all participants and spectators, and not place a burden on the health care system.[71] It was ultimately announced in July that all local spectators were not allowed to attend any events held in Tokyo, Fukushima and Hokkaido.[83][84][87]

Cultural festival[]

A cultural program known as Nippon Festival was scheduled to coincide with the Olympics and Paralympics, running from April to September 2021 as a series of streaming events held by the Tokyo Organizing Committee and other partners. The events reflected the themes of "Participation and Interaction", "Towards the Realisation of an Inclusive Society" and "Reconstruction of the Tohoku Region". The program was either downsized or reformatted to virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the postponement of the Games.[98] One of these events was a concert held on 18 July, which featured J-rock band Wanima, choreography by dancers Aio Yamada and Tuki Takamura, and the presentation of animated "creatures" based on illustrations "embodying the thoughts and emotions of people from across the world".[99]

The original plans for Nippon Festival included events such as Kabuki x Opera (a concert that would have featured stage actor Ichikawa Ebizō XI, opera singers Anna Pirozzi and Erwin Schrott, and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra), an arts and culture festival focusing on disabilities,[100][101][102][103] and a special two-day exhibition sumo tournament at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan shortly after the Olympics—which would have differed significantly from the traditional bi-monthly Honbasho tournaments, and featured special commentary in English and Japanese to help explain to spectators the customs and traditions of professional sumo, which are deeply rooted in the Shinto religion.[104][105]

The Games[]

Sports[]

See also: Olympic sports

The official program for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Summer Olympics is to make them more "youthful" and "urban", and to increase the number of female participants.[106][107]

The Games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports.

In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.

New sports[]

As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Olympics, with the remit of dropping one sport and thus retaining 25 "core" sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games. This move would bring the total number of sports to 27, one less than the requirement of 28 for the 2020 Olympics programme, thus leaving a single vacancy that the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports as well as the sport that had been dropped from the 2012 Olympics programme.

On 12 February 2013, IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the "core" programme for the 2020 Games; this was a surprising decision to news outlets given that wrestling is from the ancient Olympic Games and included in the original programme for the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the absence of women's events in the sport.[108][109][110] Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration.[108]

On 29 May 2013, it was announced that three of the eight sports under consideration had made the final shortlist: baseball/softball, squash and wrestling.[111] The other five sports were rejected at this point: karate, roller sports, sport climbing, wakeboarding, and wushu.[112] On 8 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session, wrestling was chosen to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024. Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively.[113]

Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" program rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the program. This rule is designed to allow sports that are popular in the host country to be added to the program, in order to improve local interest.[114] As a result of these changes, a list of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of: baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[115] On 28 September 2015, the organizers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[116] These five new sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and will be included in the sports program for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[117][118]

Test events[]

There will be 56 test events before the Olympic and Paralympic Games; they will be contested between June 2019 and June 2020, and will be completed before the start of the 2020 Summer Olympics. Several of the events are existing championships, but some will be newly created to serve as test events for the Olympics.[119][120]

It was announced in February 2019 that the test events would be under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo." The Tokyo Organizing Committee is responsible for 22 of the test events, with the remaining events to be arranged by national and international organizations. The first test event is World Sailing's World Cup Series held at Enoshima, and the last event is set to be the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet in May 2020.[121]

Participating National Olympic Committees[]

The following 132 NOCs are qualified.

Calendar[]

Template:2020 Summer Olympics calendar

Event scheduling[]

Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, swimming finals will be held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on 7 May 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games,[122] and is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC).[123] Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Olympic events in the country.[124][125]

Marketing[]

Main article: 2020 Summer Olympics marketing

The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-colored checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[126] The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of the Théâtre de Liège in Belgium. The Games' slogan is Discover Tomorrow (Japanese: 未来（あした）をつかもう, romanized: Ashita o tsukamō). While ashita literally means 'tomorrow', it is intentionally spelled as mirai 'future'.[127]

The official mascot of the 2020 Summer Olympics is Miraitowa, a figure with blue-checkered patterns inspired by the Games' official emblem. Its fictional characteristics include the ability to teleport.[128] Created by Japanese artist Ryo Taniguchi, the mascots were selected from a competition process which took place in late 2017 and early 2018. A total of 2,042 candidate designs were submitted to the Tokyo Organizing Committee, which selected three pairs of unnamed mascot designs to present to Japanese elementary school students for the final decision.[129][130] The results of the selection were announced on 28 February 2018, and the mascots were named on 22 July 2018. Miraitowa is named after the Japanese words for "future" and "eternity", and Someity is named after someiyoshino, a type of cherry blossom. Someity's name also references the English phrase "so mighty".[131] The mascots are expected to help finance the Tokyo Games through merchandising and licensing deals.[132]

Concerns and controversies[]

Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2020 Summer Olympics

On December 10, 2018, the French financial crimes office began an investigation of Tsunekazu Takeda, the president of the Japanese Olympic Committee, about a 2013 scheme to obtain votes from International Olympic Committee (IOC) members from Africa in support of Tokyo as host for the 2020 Olympics instead of Istanbul or Madrid.[133][134]

South Korea asked the International Olympic Committee to ban the Japanese Rising Sun Flag from the 2020 Summer Olympics, because the flag is a symbol of Japan’s imperialist past and recalls "historic scars and pain" for people of Korea just as the swastika "reminds Europeans of the nightmare of World War II".[135][136]

Russian and South Korean officials took issue with a map of the torch relay on the Games' official website, which depicted the disputed Liancourt Rocks (territory claimed by Japan but governed by South Korea) and Kuril Islands (territory claimed by Japan but governed by Russia since 1945) as part of Japan.[137]

Broadcasting[]

Main article: List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters

Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television, with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Olympics.[138][139] Italian broadcaster RAI announced an intent to deploy 8K broadcasting for the Games.[140]

In the United States, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[141]

In Europe, this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Eurosport, which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Summer Olympics cover almost all of Europe, excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following the conclusion of these Games in favor of Eurosport, and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024.[142] Eurosport will sub-license coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights.[143][144][145]

Telecom company NTT Docomo signed a deal with Finland's Nokia to provide 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics.[146][147]

References[]

  1. ↑ "'United by Emotion' to be the Tokyo 2020 Games Motto". Tokyo2020.org. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 17 February 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. {{cite web}}:
  2. ↑ "Olympics: Tokyo Games cost totals 1.42 tril. yen, twice bid figure". Kyodo News. 21 June 2022. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2022/06/09ef8c31ec70-olympics-tokyo-games-cost-totals-142-tril-yen-twice-bid-figure.html. "A total of 11,420 athletes took part in the Tokyo Olympics and a record-high 4,403 at the Paralympics, the organizers said." 
  3. ↑ Japanese: 2020年夏季オリンピック, Hepburn: Nisen Nijū-nen Kaki Orinpikku
  4. ↑ 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会, Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai
  5. ↑ 東京2020, Tōkyō Nii Zero Nii Zero
  6. ↑ "Olympics 2020: Tokyo wins race to host Games". BBC Sport. 7 September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2018. {{cite web}}:
  7. ↑ "Olympics history: Have the Games been postponed before?". Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2020. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020. {{cite web}}:
  8. ↑ Multiple sources:
  9. ↑ Dooley, Ben (8 July 2021). "'Spectators Will Be Barred at Tokyo Olympics Amid New Covid Emergency". https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/08/world/asia/tokyo-state-of-emergency-olympics.html. 
  10. ↑ Cervantes, Alberto (2021-07-23). "The Tokyo Olympics' Staggering Price Tag and Where It Stands in History" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-tokyo-olympics-staggering-price-tag-and-where-it-stands-in-history-11627049612. 
  11. ↑ Brockell, Gillian (24 March 2020). "'This isn't the first time Olympics in Japan have been disrupted". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/03/24/1940-tokyo-olympics-postponed-coronavirus/. 
  12. ↑ "An Olympics like no other, Tokyo perseveres to host Games". Usatoday.com. 20 July 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. {{cite web}}:
  13. ↑ Kremers, Daniel (2020). "Outdoor sports in the periphery: Far from the compact games". In Barbara Holthus. Japan Through the Lens of the Tokyo Olympics. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003033905. ISBN 978-1-003-03390-5. 
  14. ↑ Ostlere, Lawrence (26 July 2021). "Flora Duffy wins Bermuda's first Olympic gold as GB's Georgia Taylor-Brown takes silver". https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/flora-duffy-bermuda-triathlon-georgia-taylorbrown-tokyo-b1891052.html. 
  15. ↑ Chappell, Bill (26 July 2021). "The Philippines Wins Its First Olympic Gold After Nearly 100 Years Of Trying". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  16. ↑ Oliver, Brian (31 July 2021). "Weightlifter Meso wins Qatar's first ever Olympic gold medal". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  17. ↑ Oyeleke, Sodiq (5 August 2021). "Hugues Zango wins Burkina Faso's first-ever Olympic medal". https://punchng.com/breaking-hugues-zango-wins-burkina-fasos-first-ever-olympic-medal/. 
  18. ↑ Mercer, Bryan (29 July 2021). "San Marino wins first Olympic medal in nation's history". www.nbcolympics.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  19. ↑ Ellingworth, James (27 July 2021). "Weightlifter Guryeva wins Turkmenistan's 1st Olympic medal". https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-sports-health-coronavirus-pandemic-turkmenistan-c197b8c867bca8ffa2902a830e60d573. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Olympic Host City Election | From Candidate to Host City". International Olympic Committee. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021. {{cite web}}:
  21. ↑ Armstrong, Jim (24 January 2014). "Mori heads Tokyo 2020 organizing committee". AP. https://sports.yahoo.com/news/mori-heads-tokyo-2020-organizing-075207442--spt.html. 
  22. ↑ "Tokyo Olympics chief Mori to quit over "sexist" remarks". Kyodo News. 11 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021. {{cite web}}:
  23. ↑ DeSantis, Rachel (12 February 2021). "Tokyo Olympics Chief Resigns amid Uproar Over Sexist Comments". People.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021. {{cite web}}:
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Female ex-Olympic athlete Hashimoto takes over as Tokyo Games chief". english.kyodonews.net. Kyodo News. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. {{cite web}}:
  25. ↑ JR東日本、東京五輪を前に都心部と羽田空港結ぶ新路線整備を on YouTube
  26. ↑ "羽田・成田発着を拡大、五輪へインフラ整備急ぐ" (in Japanese). 日本経済新聞. 10 September 2013. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASGC0900Z_Z00C13A9MM8000/. 
  27. ↑ "五輪で東京に1000万人 過密都市ゆえの課題多く" (in Japanese). 日本経済新聞. 10 September 2013. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNZO59486280Q3A910C1EA2000/. 
  28. ↑ "ILO, Tokyo 2020 sign agreement to promote decent work in run-up to the Games" (Press release). 26 April 2018. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_626828/lang--en/index.htm. 
  29. ↑ "Tokyo 2020: Olympics will be 'simplified' in 2021". BBC Sport. 10 June 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/52997023. 
  30. ↑ Carp, Sam (28 September 2020). "Tokyo 2020 organisers agree on 52 measures for simplified Games". SportsPro. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. {{cite web}}:
  31. ↑ Himmer, Alastair (6 February 2012). "Rugby-Tokyo stadium set for billion dollar facelift". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017. {{cite web}}:
  32. ↑ Wainwright, Oliver (6 November 2014). "Zaha Hadid's Tokyo Olympic stadium slammed as a 'monumental mistake' and a 'disgrace to future generations'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2014/nov/06/zaha-hadids-tokyo-olympic-stadium-slammed-as-a-monumental-mistake-and-a-disgrace-to-future-generations. 
  33. ↑ "新国立、整備費2500億円 従来デザイン維持で決着". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 24 June 2015. http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASDG23H9L_T20C15A6EA2000/. 
  34. ↑ "国立競技場将来構想有識者会議" [National Stadium Future Vision Experts Meeting]. 日本スポーツ振興センター. Japan Sport Council. 7 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. {{cite web}}:
  35. ↑ "Government drops plan to build retractable roof on Olympic stadium as costs soar". The Japan Times. Kyodo. 29 July 2015. ISSN 0447-5763. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/07/29/national/government-drops-plan-build-retractable-roof-olympic-stadium-costs-soar/. 
  36. ↑ "Tokyo Olympic stadium gets new, cheaper design". BBC News Asia. 22 December 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35158004. 
  37. ↑ "All eyes on Tokyo's Olympic Stadium with 100 days to go". World Athletics. 14 April 2021. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  38. ↑ Friend, Nick (9 October 2018). "Tokyo 2020 costs skyrocket to US$25 billion". SportsPro Media. http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/tokyo-2020-olympics-cost-25-billion. 
  39. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 candidature file – section 8 – Sports and Venues" (PDF). Tokyo 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. {{cite web}}:
  40. ↑ Takahashi, Ryusei (17 October 2019). "IOC planning to move Tokyo Olympic marathon north to Sapporo in bid to avoid heat". The Japan Times. ISSN 0447-5763. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2019/10/16/more-sports/track-field/ioc-planning-move-tokyo-olympic-marathon-north-sapporo-bid-avoid-heat/. 
  41. ↑ Denyer, Simon; Kashiwagi, Akiko (1 November 2019). "Cool runnings: After heated dispute, Tokyo agrees to shift Olympic marathons to more clement climes". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/cool-runnings-after-heated-dispute-tokyo-agrees-to-shift-olympic-marathons-to-more-clement-climes/2019/11/01/3d7ae294-fc57-11e9-9e02-1d45cb3dfa8f_story.html. 
  42. ↑ Faure, Alexandre (2023-01-02). "How the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games were embedded in urban planning documents: The enforcement of a metropolitan strategy in the Bay Area" (in en). Contemporary Japan 35 (1): 136–157. doi:10.1080/18692729.2023.2169462. ISSN 1869-2729. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18692729.2023.2169462. 
  43. ↑ Diamond, James (25 December 2018). "Japanese Government announce ban on drones near venues during Tokyo 2020". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019. {{cite web}}:
  44. ↑ "Japan Bolsters Olympic and Paralympic Security amid Heightened Terrorism Concerns". Nippon.com. 26 December 2019. https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00617/japan-bolsters-olympic-and-paralympic-security-amid-heightened-terrorism-concerns.html. 
  45. ↑ ul-Khaliq, Riyaz (12 July 2021). "Japan holds anti-terror drill as Tokyo Olympics near". Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/japan-holds-anti-terror-drill-as-tokyo-olympics-near/2302090. 
  46. ↑ "More than 200,000 Applications Received for Tokyo 2020 Volunteer program". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019. {{cite web}}:
  47. ↑ "Tokyo 2020: 180,000 apply to be volunteers". paralympic.org. IPC. 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. {{cite web}}:
  48. ↑ "Volunteer names unveiled for Tokyo 2020". IOC. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019. {{cite web}}:
  49. ↑ Kobayashi, Chie; Wang, Selina; Berlinger, Joshua (3 June 2021). "About 10,000 Tokyo Olympic volunteers have quit with Games closing in". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/03/sport/tokyo-olympics-volunteers-covid-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  50. ↑ Murata, Atsushi (10 July 2021). "An Olympics without fans? Tokyo volunteers suddenly have no roles". Nikkei News. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  51. ↑ "How the Olympics will look different this year". CTVNews. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  52. ↑ Palmer, Dan (1 February 2017). "Tokyo 2020 urge public to help create recycled medals". https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1046501/tokyo-2020-urge-public-to-help-create-recycled-medals. 
  53. ↑ "Project to recycle old mobile phones for Olympic medals gets off to slow start". The Japan Times. Jiji, Kyodo. 2 January 2018. ISSN 0447-5763. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/01/02/national/project-recycle-old-mobile-phones-olympic-medals-gets-off-slow-start/. 
  54. ↑ Etchells, Daniel (22 December 2017). "Tokyo 2020 launches Olympic and Paralympic medal design competition". https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1059382/tokyo-2020-launches-olympic-and-paralympic-medal-design-competition. 
  55. ↑ "Japan struggles for silver for Tokyo 2020 medals". Inside the Games. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019. {{cite web}}:
  56. ↑ Pavitt, Michael (25 November 2018). "Bach donates to project recycling metals for Tokyo 2020 medals". https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1072665/bach-donates-to-project-recycling-metals-for-tokyo-2020-medals. 
  57. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 Olympic medal design unveiled". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. 24 July 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019. {{cite web}}:
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games Medal Design". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019. {{cite web}}:
  59. ↑ Hitti, Natashah (25 July 2019). "Olympic committee unveils 2020 medals made from recycled smartphones". Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/07/25/2020-olympic-medals-recycled-smartphones-design/. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Tokyo 2020 unveils details of Greek torch relay events". Olympic.org. IOC. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020. {{cite web}}:
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "With the concept of 'Hope Lights Our Way,' a 121-day journey begins in Fukushima". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020. {{cite web}}:
  62. ↑ "International torch relays banned". BBC Sport. 27 March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympic_games/7967284.stm. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Olympic flame to be exhibited in Fukushima, Tokyo". NHK News. 28 March 2020. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20200329_02/. [dead link]
  64. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 releases one-year-to-go countdown video starring swimmer Ikee". Inside the Games. 23 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2020. {{cite web}}:
  65. ↑ "Olympics: Torch relay schedule intact for next year - Kyodo". Reuters. 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020. {{cite web}}:
  66. ↑ Niehaus, Andreas (2023-01-02). ""I want to bring this light to those in despair" – the Tokyo 2020 torch relay and the creation of Olympic legacies" (in en). Contemporary Japan 35 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1080/18692729.2023.2169856. ISSN 1869-2729. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/18692729.2023.2169856. 
  67. ↑ Mather, Victor (23 July 2021). "Naomi Osaka lights the cauldron.". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/23/sports/olympics/naomi-osaka-lights-cauldron.html. 
  68. ↑ Steen, Emma (27 July 2021). "The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Cauldron is now on display in Ariake". Time Out Tokyo. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021. {{cite web}}:
  69. ↑ "Athletes warned against excessive celebrations at Tokyo 2020". Inside the Games. 5 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. {{cite web}}:
  70. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 organisers publish first set of rules to ensure Games can go ahead". Inside the Games. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. {{cite web}}:
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 Simon Denyer (20 March 2021). "Tokyo Olympics organizers ban spectators from outside Japan in pandemic-control measure". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/dtokyo-olympics-torch-begins-journey-through-japan-as-organizers-ban-outside-fans/2021/03/20/f8588344-8335-11eb-be22-32d331d87530_story.html. 
  72. ↑ Sparrow, Annie K.; Brosseau, Lisa M.; Harrison, Robert J.; Osterholm, Michael T. (25 May 2021). "Protecting Olympic Participants from Covid-19 — The Urgent Need for a Risk-Management Approach". New England Journal of Medicine 385 (1): e2. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2108567. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 34033274. 
  73. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 Playbooks Athlete365". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  74. ↑ Edwards, Kate (25 February 2021). "COVID vaccines won't be compulsory for the Tokyo Olympics. But if offered, here's what athletes need to know". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. {{cite web}}:
  75. ↑ "IOC says vaccine offer open to countries who have approved Chinese vaccines". Inside the Games. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. {{cite web}}:
  76. ↑ "IOC welcomes Pfizer and BioNTech's donation of vaccines to teams heading for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 - Olympic News". International Olympic Committee. 6 May 2021. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021. {{cite web}}:
  77. ↑ "五輪選手の「バブル」は効果なし？ 国内から30万人が出入り、ワクチン用意は2万人分：東京新聞 TOKYO Web" [Is the "bubble" of the Olympic athletes ineffective? 300,000 people come and go from Japan, vaccine preparation is for 20,000 people]. 東京新聞 TOKYO Web . 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021. {{cite web}}:
  78. ↑ Wade, Stephen (26 April 2021). "Tokyo Olympics rules: Daily testing for athletes, no 14-day quarantine but a 'bubble' in the Olympic Village". Associated Press. https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/olympics/ct-tokyo-olympics-covid-19-20210426-74m5zubelze4pbiaf5eh5bkcjq-story.html. 
  79. ↑ "Tokyo cancels public viewing sites, some to be vaccination centres". Reuters. 19 June 2021. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/tokyo-cancels-public-viewing-sites-some-be-vaccination-centres-2021-06-19/. 
  80. ↑ Gallagher, Chris; Slodkowski, Antoni; Leussink, Daniel (23 June 2021). "Up to 10,000 fans allowed at Tokyo 2020 venues, despite warnings". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/organisers-set-decide-domestic-spectators-tokyo-2020-2021-06-21/. 
  81. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 organisers warn of no-fan Olympics as COVID cases rise". 2 July 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/7/2/japan-still-undecidedon-having-spectators-in-tokyo-olympics. 
  82. ↑ "Olympics: from June 1 to July 22, Jill Biden lands in Tokyo". Asia Nikkei. 22 July 2021. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Tokyo-2020-Olympics/Olympics-latest-Tokyo-considers-barring-fans-from-opening-ceremony. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Houston, Michael (8 July 2021). "Tokyo to be under state of emergency for duration of Olympics". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 "Tokyo Olympics: Spectators largely barred as Covid emergency declared". BBC News Asia. 8 July 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57760883. 
  85. ↑ Hisatoshi, Kabata (25 May 2021). "Limiting people's movement key to holding 'safe' Olympics: study". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021. {{cite web}}:
  86. ↑ "五輪「人の流れ抑制が鍵」 入国選手ら、影響限定的か―東大准教授ら試算：時事ドットコム" [Olympics "Suppressing the flow of people is the key" Immigration players, impact limited – Estimated by Associate Professor of the University of Tokyo]. 時事ドットコム Jiji Press . 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021. {{cite web}}:
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Fans barred from all Olympic events in Tokyo as COVID-19 fears grow". Inside the Games. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  88. ↑ "Japan's Fukushima, in reversal, bars spectators from Olympic events". Reuters. 10 July 2021. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 NEWS, KYODO. "IOC's Bach asked Japan PM to allow fans at Olympics if COVID state improves". Kyodo News+. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  90. ↑ "Noisy delegations make up for absent spectators at Games". Reuters. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021. {{cite web}}:
  91. ↑ "Tokyo Paralympics likely to be held with no spectators". The Japan Times. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021. {{cite web}}:
  92. ↑ Shimizu, Ayano (9 July 2021). "Tokyo Olympics to be held mostly without spectators due to pandemic". Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  93. ↑ NEWS, KYODO. "Japan expands COVID state of emergency to Osaka, 3 areas near Tokyo". Kyodo News+. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021. {{cite web}}:
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "Tokyo 2020 Announces Outline of Olympic Games Ticket Prices". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. 20 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018. {{cite web}}:
  95. ↑ "Tickets for Olympic Games / Tokyo Olympic Japan 2020". Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016. {{cite web}}:
  96. ↑ "How To Buy Tokyo Olympic Tickets". TrulyTokyo. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018. {{cite web}}:
  97. ↑ "Tokyo 2020: Olympic Games tickets". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020. {{cite web}}:
  98. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 unveils events program for Nippon Festival in 2021". Inside the Games. 10 March 2021. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  99. ↑ "Thousands of imaginary creatures to be released in virtual Olympic Stadium". Inside the Games. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  100. ↑ "Nippon Festival cancelled following Tokyo 2020 postponement". Inside the Games. 20 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  101. ↑ "Kabuki x Opera details for Tokyo 2020 Nippon Festival announced". Inside the Games. 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  102. ↑ "Details of Tokyo 2020 Nippon festival announced". Inside the Games. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  103. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 release updated calendar for Nippon Festival". Inside the Games. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. {{cite web}}:
  104. ↑ "Grand Sumo Tournament Rooting for the Tokyo 2020 Games". Tokyo2020.org. TOCOG. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020. {{cite web}}:
  105. ↑ Wade, Stephen (4 February 2020). "Sumo wrestling coming – sort of – to the Tokyo Olympics". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/c1230cbbb6160371d6c96c4daef61688. 
  106. ↑ "3-on-3 basketball officially added to Tokyo Olympics". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017. {{cite web}}:
  107. ↑ "Tokyo 2020: Mixed-gender events added to Olympic Games". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017. {{cite web}}:
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Hamilton, Tracee (8 September 2013). "Wrestling, IOC make right moves in getting sport back on 2020 Olympics program" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/wrestling-ioc-make-right-moves-in-getting-sport-back-on-2020-olympics-program/2013/09/08/a2ed9cc4-18a2-11e3-8685-5021e0c41964_story.html. 
  109. ↑ Longman, Jeré (12 February 2013). "Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/13/sports/olympics-may-drop-wrestling-in-2020.html. 
  110. ↑ "Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2018. {{cite web}}:
  111. ↑ IOC: Baseball/softball, squash and wrestling make cut for IOC Session vote in Buenos Aires Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  112. ↑ "Wrestling, baseball/softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. {{cite web}}:
  113. ↑ "Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games". IOC. 8 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013. {{cite web}}:
  114. ↑ "Olympic Agenda 2020 Recommendations" (PDF). IOC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. {{cite web}}:
  115. ↑ "Baseball, softball among 8 sports proposed for 2020 Games". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. {{cite web}}:
  116. ↑ "Olympics: Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016. {{cite web}}:
  117. ↑ "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". Olympic.org. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. {{cite web}}:
  118. ↑ "You're in! Baseball/softball, 4 other sports make Tokyo cut". USA Today. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2016. {{cite web}}:
  119. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 Test Events". Tokyo 2020. 3 January 2019. {{cite web}}:
  120. ↑ "Tokyo 2020: Test event schedule announced". IPC. 2 October 2018. {{cite web}}:
  121. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 unveils its Olympic test event schedule". IOC. 30 January 2019. {{cite web}}:
  122. ↑ "Olympics on NBC through 2032". USA Today (Gannett Company). 7 May 2014. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/07/nbc-olympics-broadcast-rights-2032/8805989/. 
  123. ↑ Template:Web cite
  124. ↑ "FINA back holding swimming finals in morning at Tokyo 2020 Olympics". https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1067674/fina-back-holding-swimming-finals-in-morning-at-tokyo-2020-olympics. 
  125. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 swimming finals set for prime-time in United States as agreement reached to hold morning medal races". https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1069861/tokyo-2020-swimming-finals-set-for-prime-time-in-united-states-as-agreement-reached-to-hold-morning-medal-races. 
  126. ↑ "Checkered pattern by artist Tokolo chosen as logo for 2020 Tokyo Olympics". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016. {{cite web}}:
  127. ↑ "国際スローガン "Discover Tomorrow" 並びにルックプログラムを発表" [Tokyo Extends an Invitation to "Discover Tomorrow" through 2020 Bid Campaign]. The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . 19 July 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2019. {{cite web}}:
  128. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 Mascots". Tokyo 2020. The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018. {{cite web}}:
  129. ↑ "2020 Tokyo Olympic organizers begin soliciting mascot ideas". The Japan Times. 1 August 2017. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/08/01/national/2020-tokyo-olympic-organizers-begin-soliciting-mascot-ideas/. Retrieved 7 September 2017. 
  130. ↑ "Tokyo 2020 lets children choose mascots from 3 finalists". NBC Sports. 7 December 2017. https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/12/07/tokyo-olympic-mascot-photos-2020/. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  131. ↑ "Olympic mascots Miraitowa and Someity invoke the future and cherry trees for 2020 Games". The Japan Times. AFP-JIJI. 22 July 2018. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/07/22/national/tokyo-games-organizers-introduce-mascots-miraitowa-someity-world/. Retrieved 22 July 2018. 
  132. ↑ "Cuddly and cute, but will Japan's Olympic mascots be cash cows?". The Japan Times. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018. {{cite web}}:
  133. ↑ Leicester, John (11 January 2019). "IOC marketing chair from Japan investigated for corruption". Associated Press. https://www.apnews.com/87b12ec4cd384efd83fb326ccdb4bd8f. 
  134. ↑ "Tokyo 2020: Japanese Olympic Committee chief Tsunekazu Takeda to step down amid corruption claims". The Independent. 19 March 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/tokyo-2020-japanese-olympic-committee-chief-executive-tsunekazu-takeda-steps-down-resign-corruption-a8829461.html. 
  135. ↑ "South Korea formally requests Japan's 'rising sun' flag be banned at 2020 Olympics". The Independent. 11 September 2019. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/2020-olympics-tokyo-south-korea-japan-rising-sun-flag-ban-a9101086.html. 
  136. ↑ "South Korea asks IOC to ban Japan's use of 'Rising Sun' flag at Olympics". Reuters. 11 September 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-japan-olympics/south-korea-asks-ioc-to-ban-japans-use-of-rising-sun-flag-at-olympics-idUSKCN1VW1LG. 
  137. ↑ "Russia accuses Tokyo of politicizing games". BusinessMirror. 13 August 2019. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/08/13/russia-accuses-tokyo-of-politicizing-games/. 
  138. ↑ Vincent, James (26 August 2016). "Sony and Panasonic target 8K TVs for 2020 Olympics". The Verge. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017. {{cite web}}:
  139. ↑ "Exclusive: Lost market share prompts Sony-Panasonic TV tech alliance" (in en). Nikkei Asian Review. http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Lost-market-share-prompts-Sony-Panasonic-TV-tech-alliance. 
  140. ↑ Strauss, Will. "Italy's Rai to start 8K broadcasts in time for 2020 Tokyo Olympics". SVG Europe. Retrieved 8 March 2019. {{cite web}}:
  141. ↑ McCarthy, Michael (7 June 2011). "NBC wins U.S. TV rights to four Olympic Games through 2020". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2011/06/olympic-tv-decision-between-nbc-espn-and-fox-could-come-down-today/1. 
  142. ↑ "Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage" (in en). http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/russia-broadcast-pyeongchang-2018. 
  143. ↑ "Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. {{cite web}}:
  144. ↑ "Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through '24". Sports Business Journal. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015. {{cite web}}:
  145. ↑ "BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015. {{cite web}}:
  146. ↑ "Nokia, NTT DoCoMo prepare for 5G ahead of Tokyo Olympics launch". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018 – via Reuters. {{cite web}}:
  147. ↑ "Nokia wins 5G business with Japan's NTT DoCoMo - FierceWireless". fiercewireless.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018. {{cite web}}:

External links[]

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").
Wikivoyage-logo.svg
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020#Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 805: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020]].
Preceded by
Rio de Janeiro 		Summer Olympic Games
Tokyo
XXXII Olympiad (2020) 		Succeeded by
Paris
Page Template:Hlist/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "wikitext").

Template:Qualification for the 2020 Summer Olympics Template:Events at the 2020 Summer Olympics Template:2020 Summer Olympic venues
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "n", but no corresponding <references group="n"/> tag was found

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
Advertisement